<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"> <br /> </p> <p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"> <strong> </strong></p> <p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"> <strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">前段时间和一位朋友争论一个话题：<wbr>是不是像华人教会主要说汉语一样，美国清真寺主要说阿拉伯语？<wbr>尽管我礼拜过的几十家清真寺都不用阿拉伯语作为公共语，<wbr>但朋友更相信美联社的一篇报道（</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129"><a href="https://goo.gl/YQsnra" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://goo.gl/YQsnra&source=gmail&ust=1531626089403000&usg=AFQjCNGVy0izzOt6b3bOycsNYkcTh3Jx2A">https://goo.gl/<wbr>YQsnra</a></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">）——这篇报道说，美国清真寺正在为聚礼演讲（</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129">Kh<wbr>utbah</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">）的语言纠结：说阿拉伯语疏远英语年轻人，<wbr>不说阿拉伯语又疏远崇拜阿拉伯语的南亚穆斯林。<wbr>我读了报道后发现，其中包含一系列事实和逻辑错误。</span></strong></p><strong> </strong><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"><strong> </strong></p><strong> </strong><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"> <strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">作者引用一些个例，<wbr>表明说英语的年轻人对清真寺中应用的阿拉伯语感到失望，<wbr>然而并没有注意到：不同场合下的语言使用大不相同。<wbr>就像佛教徒会用梵语念大悲咒一样，<wbr>世界上任何地方的穆斯林都会用阿拉伯语诵古兰经、念作证言，<wbr>却不一定将阿拉伯语用于宗教生活的其他方面。</span></strong></p><strong> </strong><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"><strong> </strong></p><strong> </strong><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"> <strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">事实上，</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129">Pew</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">在</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129">2017</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">年的统计表明，美国穆斯林有</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129">42%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">为土<wbr>生土长，只有</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129">14%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">来自中东和北非，剩下的</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129">44%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">来自阿拉伯语不<wbr>被掌握的其他国家。（</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129"><a href="https://goo.gl/QS6bd1" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://goo.gl/QS6bd1&source=gmail&ust=1531626089403000&usg=AFQjCNEeXI3sAva4YuigGPcZt0u8phmX_w">https://goo.gl/<wbr>QS6bd1</a></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">）在缺乏语言环境的前提下，<wbr>除非像宗教学者那样经过艰苦学习，<wbr>大多数美国穆斯林并不能掌握阿拉伯语，<wbr>而清真寺无法通用只有少数人懂的语言。</span></strong></p><strong> </strong><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"><strong> </strong></p><strong> </strong><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"> <strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">作者还注意到，一些伊玛目用英语演讲，<wbr>只是在后面加上一小部分阿拉伯语内容，他形容这是</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129">“</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">跨越语言鸿沟</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129"><wbr>”</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">的努力。然而，在</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129">2011</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129">Hartford</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">的一项研究表明：<wbr>全美</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129">70%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">的清真寺只用英语演讲，<wbr>剩下的清真寺大多同时使用阿拉伯语，<wbr>而阿拉伯语主要发挥仪式性的作用</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129"> 。<span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:宋体">（</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129"><a href="https://goo.gl/ePRJ2p" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://goo.gl/ePRJ2p&source=gmail&ust=1531626089403000&usg=AFQjCNGQ8xT6qZIf1-oMcVY71gE2YmoJ4A">https://goo.<wbr>gl/ePRJ2p</a></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:宋体">）</span></span></strong></p><strong> </strong><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"><strong> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></strong></p><strong> </strong><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"> <strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">非阿拉伯语地区采用当地语言演讲，不仅是全美清真寺的普遍做法，<wbr>也是南亚穆斯林的传统和其他地方穆斯林的传统。<wbr>回族将这种演讲称为“卧尔兹”</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129">(Wa\’z)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">，<wbr>而将那一小段仪式化的阿拉伯语叫做“呼图白”</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129">(Khutbah)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129"><wbr>。所以，作者观察到的是一种悠久的伊斯兰传统，<wbr>而不是英语穆斯林为了融入美国社会进行的创新。</span></strong></p><strong> </strong><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"><strong> </strong></p><strong> </strong><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"> <strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">作者声称，有些南亚穆斯林推崇阿拉伯语的神圣性，<wbr>因此不愿意聆听清真寺里的英语演讲。然而，<wbr>南亚穆斯林自己在祖籍国就有用本地语言演讲的传统，<wbr>他们为什么会对美国清真寺的同一做法感到失望？</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">而且，对于那些在语言上持保守立场的非阿拉伯语穆斯林来说，<wbr>他们因为很难精通阿拉伯语，<wbr>又不愿自己阅读翻译版的古兰经和圣训，<wbr>所以在信仰方面高度依赖于伊玛目用他可以听懂的语言讲解。</span></strong></p><strong> </strong><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"><strong> </strong></p><strong> </strong><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"> <strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">在另一方面，作者建立的因果关系是很牵强的。<wbr>他并没有排除人们不听英语演讲的其他原因，例如：<wbr>伊斯兰聚礼的周五是工作日，人们未必有时间聆听演讲；<wbr>演讲有时候会冗长而缺乏新意，人们未必有兴趣聆听；<wbr>阿拉伯语念词很短而且紧靠礼拜，<wbr>相对于演讲来说不容易被参加者忽略——<wbr>而它们是更符合逻辑的原因，<wbr>对我和本城清真寺的其他穆斯林来说也是更常见的原因。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1d2129"> </span></strong></p><strong> </strong><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"><strong> </strong></p><strong> </strong><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;background:white"> <strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#1d2129">美联社的这篇报道为什么没能发现事实？<wbr>可能有学术训练方面的原因，也可能是因为作者在观察“外国”<wbr>群体的时候有更多的想当然和漫不经心。事实能不能说服我的读者？<wbr>恐怕不能，因为信仰往往是事实无法战胜的。</span></strong></p><strong> </strong>