<h2> </h2><div id="js_content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word; position: relative;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2018/Jul/7182018GB.png" width="1851" height="1113" alt="" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px; color: #7b0c00;"><em>没有什么词比“文明”一词的使用更不严谨了。它究竟指什么？它是指一个建立在民权观念之上的社会。在这样的社会，暴力、武备、军阀统治、骚乱与独裁，让位于制定法律的议会，以及可以长久维护法律的公正的独立法庭。这才是“文明”一一在此沃土上才会源源生出自由、舒适和文化。当文明统治国家，芸芸众生得享阅大安定之生活。我们珍惜过去的传统，前贤的遗赠正是人人安居乐业的财富。</em></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; color: #7b0c00;"><em>——温斯顿·丘吉尔，1938</em></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 25.6px; color: #7b0c00;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.6733333333333333" data-w="450" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/8rQxzuvPQgYxvfPuaL4KbMfrf2642PCVhJakQmlRhbP3OcFVOoKcpvJicAC4ZovUPyTH3gdAibibdaabA4rkx2OTw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" _width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/8rQxzuvPQgYxvfPuaL4KbMfrf2642PCVhJakQmlRhbP3OcFVOoKcpvJicAC4ZovUPyTH3gdAibibdaabA4rkx2OTw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: auto !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">说到底，什么是“西方文明”？在开头的题引中，丘吉尔的言下之意究竟是什么？他所说的话中包含了三个不可缺少的要素。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px; color: #c8270f;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第一，法治原则</strong>。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">现代政府无权制定规则，规则存在于更高的维度，并且由独立的仲裁机构进行解释。换句话说，法律不是政府控制国家的工具，而是保证任何个体寻求救济的运行机制。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px; color: #c8270f;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第二，个人自由</strong>。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">说任何想说的话的自由，和同气相求者举行集会的自由，不受阻碍地做买卖的自由，自主处置个人资产的自由，选择工作和雇主的自由，雇佣及解雇人员的自由。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px; color: #c8270f;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第三，代议制政府。</strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">不经立法者同意，不能颁布法律，也不得征收税赋；而这些立法者应当是由民众选出并且向民众负责的人。现在，读者不妨自问（就想想这过去一百年间吧）有多少习惯上被贴上“西方国家”标签的国家坚持了上述原则？又有多少国家到今天仍然坚定地遵循这些原则？</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">1999年，我当选欧洲议会议员以后，这个问题就一直在脑海中萦绕不去。欧盟建立的前提是，28个成员国属于同一个文明共同体。理论上，尽管各国文化会有差异，但所有成员都签字承诺共享西方的自由民主价值观。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">但现实并非如此。法治原则、民主政府、个人自由一一构成西方文明的这三个原则，在欧洲各国中的地位是不一样的。当欧盟成员国采取集体行动时，这三个原则随时都会被置于各国的政治需要之下。布鲁塞尔的精英们只要觉得碍事，就把法治原则扔一边去了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">我举一个最近的例子：欧元区的救市行为明显就是违法的。《欧盟宪法条约》第125条明确规定：“联盟不得对成员国的中央政府、地区和其他公共机关，由公共法律管理的其他机构，以及公共事业部门提供担保。”这一条款不仅只是一条技术性规定，它是以德国同意停止流通马克为前提的。所以，默克尔说：“在这个条约下，我们不能做任何救市行为。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">但是，当大家发现，如果没有现金注入欧元就将不保之后，条约的条条款款立刻被抛在了一边。时任法国财长、现在的国际货币基金组织总裁克里斯蒂娜·拉加德为他们所做的一切加油打气，说：“我们违反了所有规定，因为我们要关闭银行，采取行动拯救欧元区。《里斯本条约》是很明确，但它不能救市！”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.5545454545454546" data-w="550" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/8rQxzuvPQgYxvfPuaL4KbMfrf2642PCVKvEqBQcb1LOUKQMJIibJjRCH8quC73Af8IJic2RuZBv68D9xesUqD8qw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" _width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/8rQxzuvPQgYxvfPuaL4KbMfrf2642PCVKvEqBQcb1LOUKQMJIibJjRCH8quC73Af8IJic2RuZBv68D9xesUqD8qw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: auto !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">在英国人看来，这场行动不伦不类。规则已经用律师们可以使用的再清楚不过的语言明确制定出来了但当它碍事儿的时候，条款就被“蒸发”了。当英国媒体这样报道此事件时，招来的却是诸如“岛国心态”“盎格鲁-撒克逊式的死脑筋”一类冷嘲热讽。正如欧洲议会一名葡萄牙议员对我说的那样，其他人都认为，“实际效果比立法更重要”。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">民主也是一样。它被视为实现目的的手段，虽人人心向往之，却点到为止。《欧盟宪法条约》，后来叫《里斯本条约》，在各国全民公投中不断遭到否决：2005年，55%的法国人和62%的荷兰人否决了它；2008年，53%的爱尔兰人又投了反对票。欧洲的回应则是置之不理，继续推行条约，并且抱怨英语国家不懂欧洲。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">至于个人应当尽可能自由而不受国家的强迫这个想法，则被认为彻头彻尾的盎格鲁圈的固执己见。欧盟不断将权力伸向新的领域：立法决定我们可以购买哪种维生素，银行需持有多少保证金，我们何时上下班，草药疗法该怎么规范……每当此时，我就问“到底有啥特殊问题需要制定新规定来解决？”；而得到的回答总是“以前的老欧洲不管啊！”似乎凡事缺乏规制就等于反自然，虽然那可能恰恰是事情本该有的自然状态。在欧洲大陆，“尚未规制”和“非法”这两个词的含义非常接近。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">这些以英语为第一语言的地方在欧洲被统称为“盎格鲁-撒克逊世界”。这一称号并非基于种族而是依据文化。当法国人说“lesanglo-saxons”或者西班牙人说“los anglosajones”时，他们指的不是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，而是说英语并认同小政府的人，无论他们身处旧金山、斯莱哥或者新加坡。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">在欧洲大陆的许多评论者看来，美国、英国、澳大利亚和其他英语国家的人构成了一个“盎格鲁-撒克逊”文明体，他们最大的特点是都信奉自由市场。对一些美国读者来说，这点可能有些意外。我个人感觉，美国朋友们倾向于把联合王国和其他欧洲地方视为一体，而强调其自身历史的例外之处。不过，正如我们看到，很少有其他国家的人这么看美国。1830年代早期，托克维尔访问美国。他常被引为美国例外论的见证人。不过，在《论美国的民主》第一页，他指出，该书的主题之一，即英语国家为新大陆带去了他们独特的政治文化观念，并在新大陆生根发芽，这一过程完全不同于法国和西班牙的美洲殖民地。他写道：“美国人是自治的英国人。”这句话常被引用，但肯定没有广泛传播。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">过去一百年的国际冲突中，这片自由大陆三度捍卫了自己的价值观。在两次世界大战和后来的冷战中，将个人置于国家权力之上的国家战胜了与此相反的国家。在这三次冲突中，有多少国家一直坚定地站在自由一方？这份名单很短但其中包括了绝大多数以英语为第一语言的民主国家。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">读者可能会有异议：这样站队会不会只是简单粗暴地按民族和语言加以分类？！因为联合王国身陷战火，世界上所有说英语的国家自然同情他们的母国。这诚然是部分解释。1939年9月3日英国宣战几个小时后，新西兰工党总理迈克尔·约瑟夫·萨瓦奇在病床上说，“怀着对过往的感激和对未来的信心，我们毫无畏惧地和不列颠站在一起。她走向哪里，我们跟向哪里；她站在何处，我们站在何处”。每当我想起这个情景，总会禁不住热泪盈眶。但这不是全部解释。读者可以看看二战纪念碑在欧洲本土以外的分布，算一算志愿者的数量。第二次世界大战中，新西兰总共动员21.5万人，南非41万，澳大利亚99.5万，加拿大106万，印度240万，其中绝大部分人都是自愿入伍的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">是什么力量召唤着这些年轻人跨过半个地球，就像一战中召唤他们的父辈一样，去为一个他们可能从未亲眼见过的国家而战？仅仅是血缘和语言上的联系？！这两次世界大战难道仅仅是一场种族冲突、放大版本的南斯拉夫分裂或者胡图族对图西族的屠杀？！</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">这一切既不取决于政府动员士兵上战场，也不取决于人们立刻响应了征召。士兵们很少沉溺于感情用事。但在他们的日记和通信中，我们会发现，他们有一种坚定的斗志即他们正在为捍卫一种优于敌人的生活方式而战。在两次世界大战中，他们都相信，他们是在“为自由而战”，正如那个时代的口号一样。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">1915年，激进报纸《西印度》是这样写的：“大部分西印度人是奴隶的后代，今天，他们正与母国的兄弟们并肩为人类自由而战。”同年，军士长官海勒姆·辛格在法国北部湿冷的战壕中写信给他的印度家人，信中说：“我们必须荣耀那给过我们盐的人，我们的政治制度优良而高尚。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">还有一位毛利人首领，他在1918年回忆起在德国殖民地的族人时说，“我们了解萨摩亚人，他们是我们的亲戚。我们了解在德国的东非和西非人，我们也知道赫雷罗人是怎么灭绝的。这已经够了。78年以来，我们不是在受英国人的统治，而是将他们的治理融入到我们自己的统治中。经验告诉我们，英国政权正是建立在自由、平等和公正的永恒原则之上。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">我们通常会认为，今天的普世价值早晚有一天能获得最终胜利。然而，没有什么东西是非赢不可的。如果第二次世界大战的结局有所不同，自由很可能会被逐回北美大陆。如果冷战采取的是不同的方式，那么两大阵营有可能同归于尽。实打实地说，西方的胜利正是“英语民族”取得的一系列的军事成功。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.7525" data-w="400" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/8rQxzuvPQgYxvfPuaL4KbMfrf2642PCVvtsa2q3VYOAVSsfia8bDh1UgCRwibn0ndpUbXhoUnupKqiaDULmI9gJgA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" _width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/8rQxzuvPQgYxvfPuaL4KbMfrf2642PCVvtsa2q3VYOAVSsfia8bDh1UgCRwibn0ndpUbXhoUnupKqiaDULmI9gJgA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 25.6px; visibility: visible !important; width: auto !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">当然，这样说话实在缺乏外交技巧，所以，作家和政治家们更乐于使用“西方”一词而不是“盎格鲁圈”。然而，“西方”究竟指的是什么？在第二次世界大战中，这个名称是指与纳粹德国作战的国家。在冷战持续的漫长岁月中，“西方”则指北约（NATO）成员国和他们在其他大洲的盟友。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">随着柏林墙的倒塌，“西方”的含义迅疾又被刷新。塞缪尔·亨廷顿在1992年一次演讲及后来的论著中，把世界划分为宽泛的文化圈。他将自己的观点总结为“文明的冲突”，并且预言（就目前来看，不甚准确）各文化圈之间而非文化圈内部的冲突将会越来越激烈。亨廷顿找到的西方，起源于基督教的拉丁一支与希腊一支的分裂，而这一宗教分裂发生于1054年。按照亨廷顿的划分，“西方”是由那些在文化上属于天主教或新教而非东正教的欧洲国家，以及美国、加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰等国组成的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">这样的界定与西方的军事框架紧密关联。当然，就前述国家的现状看，这个大框架也处于不断变动中。现属于北约集团的一些国家就在依然鲜活的记忆中，要么隶属于希特勒，要么听命于斯大林，或者兼从两者。事实上，在英语为母语的世界之外，数一数那些历史上持续拥有代议制政府和法治下自由的国家，这个数字少到可怜，扒着指头算也不过就是瑞士、荷兰以及北欧诸国。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">就像马克·斯泰恩一贯地话粗理儿不糙，他说，大陆欧洲为世界贡献了精美的油画、悦耳的交响乐、法国红酒、意大利女演员以及就算不是但也足以使我们迷上多元文化的种种事物。但当我们审视这一段以忠于自由民主为特征的“政治化的西方”概念形成的过程时，不难发现，这段历史看上去更像单质文化的和政治集权（即使可能实行了民主政体）的，而不是像美国那样由各州拥有一个共同的主权政府。葡萄牙、西班牙和希腊的所有政治领导人的童年都是在专制中度过的，希拉克和默克尔也是如此。我们忘了，和平的宪法改革在这个世界上何其之少而发生在盎格鲁圈以外的更是寥寥无几。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">意识形态的边界推进得远比国境线要快得多。欧洲国家全面拥抱西方价值的浪潮，第一波发生于1945年后，第二波则在1989年。在此语境下使用“西方价值”一词，其实是相当客气了。我们真正的意思是说，这些国家已经接受了盎格鲁-美利坚政治制度的基本特征。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">选举议会、人身保护令、契约自由、法律面前人人平等、开放的市场、出版自由、改变宗教信仰的自由、陪审制……以上种种，无论如何也不能说是一个先进社会生而就有的组成部分，它们是借助英语语言发展出的政治意识形态的独特产物。这种意识形态，连同这种语言，传播得如此广泛，以至于我们常常忘记了，它们的源头实际独一无二。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.5980769230769231" data-w="520" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/8rQxzuvPQgYxvfPuaL4KbMfrf2642PCVrBUG5DtGCo6oSg2gppIdOCicSvYQVoibjo2neIovBI3d6uxqt8YAeN3g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" _width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/8rQxzuvPQgYxvfPuaL4KbMfrf2642PCVrBUG5DtGCo6oSg2gppIdOCicSvYQVoibjo2neIovBI3d6uxqt8YAeN3g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: auto !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">举个服装的例子作类比。赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯曾经断言英国人是世界各国中少数没有国服的人。这一点他可是说错了。西装加领带就是英国国服，但现在已经完全看不出任何“英国性”了，它们在全球各地司空见惯。绝大多数国家的男士在正式场合中都穿得像英国人，而在其他时间则套上美式牛仔裤。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">当然，还是不乏防守阵地的。偶尔你能看到巴伐利亚男人穿着他们的皮短裤，女士身着紧腰宽裙。有些阿拉伯人至今仍将自己裹在长袍头巾里。但总的来说盎格鲁圈失去了它独特的外表特征。这一切全拜工业革命所赐；当然，身先士卒的，就是纺织面料的革命。整个20世纪，英语民族的国家以他们的形象为全世界织布，而在这一过程中，他们似乎忘了全球服装其实正是他们自己的服装。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">当我们提起某个国家时往往会不由自主地把注意力集中于该国最另类的亮点，而不是那些成功输出的特产。比如，若问最有名的英国餐，人们往往会说“牛排和肉饼”而非“三明治”。而说到英国国球，答案则是板球而非足球。谈及价值观时亦不例外。说起如何定义英国政治制度的特征，外国人也罢，不列颠人也罢，几乎会异口同声地说起君主制，上院，议会程序中用到的法锤、马鬓假发以及其他象征性服饰。同样的要是把这个问题换成问美国的政治特征，答案可能是竞选活动的天价经费、别有用心的企业捐款以及阴险的攻击性广告。其实，最后两个例子都未能真正抓住两国的最大特征，那就是，法律制定者要对每个人负责，政府换届是和平普选的结果。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">法律之治比我们认为的更少，压制和集权则更为普遍。人生来是好胜的动物，只要环境允许，总不免专断与任性。从政治上看，一个中世纪的欧洲君主和一个现代的非洲政府独裁者没什么两样。人们一旦有权制定规则，怎会不按自己的好恶来操纵规则？！他们会服从本能的驱使，制定出可使其后代保持优势特权的制度。垄断权力、身份继承、统治阶层制度性的特供资掘，这些规则一度遍及全球，而今仍然普遍。真正的问题不是自由民主能否赢在终点，而是它如何才能在起点开跑。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">我们至今仍受着那个划时代事件的后续影响。欧亚大陆西端一隅湿冷岛国上的居民，偶然地确立起政府必须服从法律、舍此别无他途的观念。法律之治确保了财产及合同的安全，反过来催生了工业化和现代资本主义。在人类历史上，第一次形成了总体上奖励生产而不是支持掠夺的制度。事实证明，这一制度具有高度适应性。它为讲英语者所携带，一路漂洋过海，或者借助殖民统治者的强制推行，或者经由忠诚的拓殖者自愿履践，在费城古老的议会大厅中，最终以精妙的方式结晶为美国宪法。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px;">宗教激情与日俱损，但对天职的信守依然笃定。英美历史学家找到了他们的先辈在走向现代化和伟大之路上的串串脚印：普通法的形成、《大宪章》《大谏章》、1689年英国《权利法案》《美国宪法》、技术革命、废除奴隶制。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">20世纪以降，鼓吹英美历史的爱国主义现渐趋过时，马克思主义、反殖民主义、多元文化主义开始流行编年史学登上舞台。那些为盎格鲁-美利坚政治里程碑大唱赞歌的历史学家成了众矢之的，他们被斥为文化傲慢主义者，关起门来给自己道喜。最倒霉的是，他们过时了，被扫进了历史的垃圾堆。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">杰斐逊和他的追随者而言一个辉格党人不仅仅追求男子汉气概、独立自主、共和精神他还具有与英国古老事业紧密相连的独特身份。1775年间发行的一本广为流传的小册子，把爱国者的行为定义为遵守“从1688年光荣革命之前到当时的辉格党人的原则”。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">这些原则究竟有哪些？小册子简单明了地开列出了清单：</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px; color: #007aaa;">制定法律的人必须直接从选票箱中产生并对之负责；行政部门受立法机关制约；没有公众同意且法律授权，不得征税；人人免于任意处罚，个人财产不得充公；决策的制定必须尽可能为受此影响的民众考虑；权力必须分散；没有人，甚至包括国王，可以凌驾于法律之上；财产安全受保障；争议必须由独立的地方法官裁决；保护言论、宗教、集会自由。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px; line-height: 25.6px; color: #7b0c00;">让英语民族崛起的，不是他们的基因有什么神奇特质，不是因为他们的土地丰沃多产，也不是他们的军事技术优势，而是他们的政治和法律制度。</span></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></div>