Narcissism:自恋时代的流行病

<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">美国共和党参议员约翰&#183;麦凯恩(John McCain)上周六去世后,各界人士纷纷表示悼念,缅怀他为美国作出的贡献。但在一片赞美声中,时报专栏作者弗兰克&#183;布鲁尼看到了一种反复出现的现象:&#8220;讣文投机主义&#8221;&#8212;&#8212;借名人之死,强行把聚光灯折射到自己身上。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">在<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20180828/mccain-death-social-media/dual/" title="Link: https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20180828/mccain-death-social-media/dual/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">《麦凯恩之死与这个自恋的时代》</a>中,布鲁尼写道:这类讣告的作者找到他们的生活和麦凯恩相交的那个点,然后就开始借哀悼之名书写自己的人生传记、炫耀自己的人生履历&#8212;&#8212;&#8220;我跟他的女儿梅根关系也很好&#8221;、&#8220;我多次投票给他&#8221;、&#8220;我同意他在这些问题上的看法&#8221;,&#8220;这张照片里,我的样子很悲痛&#8221;。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">布鲁尼认为,社交媒体应为这样不合时宜的自我表达负部分责任:&#8220;它承诺&#8216;赞&#8217;和&#8216;分享&#8217;,促成了误判,成为<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">自恋</span>的扩大器。&#8221;(It&#8217;s a midwife to bad judgment and a&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">narcissism</span>&nbsp;multiplier, with its promise of likes and shares.)</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">这一论点和时报另一篇<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/14/opinion/narcissism-is-increasing-so-youre-not-so-special.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">关于&#8220;自恋&#8221;的观点文章</a>不谋而合。作家亚伦&#183;C&#183;布朗(Aaron C. Brown)写道:&#8220;Instagram等社交网站并不能造就一个自恋狂,但研究表明,它起到了催化剂的作用,作为一个近乎理想的平台促进了心理学家所说的&#8216;浮夸暴露癖&#8217;。&#8221;</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">两位心理学教授在《自恋流行病》(Narcissism Epidemic)一书中表示,自20世纪80年代以来,自恋现象的增加速度与肥胖症一样快&#8212;&#8212;我们的自负心也在变胖。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">Narcissism一词最初来源于古希腊的神话:美少年那喀索斯(Narcissus)在池水中看见了自己俊美的脸,于是爱上了自己的倒影,无法从池塘边离开。&#8220;自恋&#8221;在19世纪左右开始被作为病理现象讨论,弗洛伊德的论文曾对这一概念进行过深入分析。自1968年以来,美国精神病学协会(American Psychiatric Association)在其《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》(DSM)中列出了&#8220;自恋型人格障碍&#8221;的分类。今天的许多心理学家认为,自恋包括:以自我为中心、自吹自擂、自以为是以及对崇拜的需要。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">尽管受社交网络加速形成的所谓&#8220;自恋文化&#8221;令人心惊,更令人担心的可能是在生活中展现出极端自恋特征的个人&#8212;&#8212;他们总表现得像个赢家,似乎其他人都是输家;他们违背社会规范,脾气暴躁,仿佛自己有特权做任何事;或是羞辱那些有不同意见的人,如果受到挫折就愤怒地爆发,攻击他人。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">作为老板或恋人,自恋者可能会令人难以忍受。他们要求对方表现完美、吹毛求疵,会很快摧毁对方最强烈的自尊。在自恋者管理的公司里,人员流动很快;婚姻中一方是自恋者的,离婚率也很高。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/health/20160721/the-narcissist-next-door/zh-/" title="Link: https://cn.nytimes.com/health/20160721/the-narcissist-next-door/zh-/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">临床心理学家约瑟夫&#183;伯戈(Joseph Burgo)指出</a>,&#8220;很多夸张的自恋者都进入了政治、职业体育与娱乐业,因为这些领域内的成功可以令他们有充分的机会去展示自己的赢家身份,获取他人的崇拜,巩固自己作为一个优越个体的防御型自我形象。&#8221;他认为,自恋者在自己选择的领域内可能极为成功,但是也非常难以相处或合作。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20170830/trump-unfit-goldwater-rule/" title="Link: https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20170830/trump-unfit-goldwater-rule/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">美国总统特朗普就曾被许多心理学专家指具有自恋型人格障碍</a>。他浮夸、自以为是,迫切渴望赞美;也冲动、不稳定、好斗,报复心强。时报2015年的一篇观点文章称他为<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/06/opinion/the-narcissist-in-chief.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">&#8220;首席自恋者&#8221;</a>。&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/29/opinion/trumps-deadly-narcissism.html" title="Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/29/opinion/trumps-deadly-narcissism.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">另一篇观点</a>则写道:&#8220;在他(特朗普)看来,一切都是关于他的,当他在抚摸自己脆弱的自尊时,政府的基本职能被忽视,甚至更糟。&#8221;</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">弗兰克&#183;布鲁尼去年曾经<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20170830/trump-ego-harvey-floods/" title="Link: https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20170830/trump-ego-harvey-floods/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">在一篇专栏中详细描述了特朗普的自恋</a>:去年八月德克萨斯州发生洪水期间,特朗普赶赴现场。但他看到的不是人民蒙难,而是自身威严的镜像,一场值得他这样的帅哥瞩目的风暴。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">&#8220;就连专家都说,他们从未见过这种情况!&#8221;特朗普在推特上发出惊叹。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">&#8220;历史性的。&#8221;&#8220;史上最大的。&#8221;&#8220;史诗级的。&#8221;特朗普用这些词来描绘飓风哈维。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">&#8220;历史性的。&#8221;&#8220;重大的。&#8221;&#8220;世人前所未见的。&#8221;特朗普用这些词来描绘其胜选。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">&#8220;他身外的天气不断变化。而他内心的天气始终如一。他沐浴在温暖的自我欣赏之中&#8212;&#8212;我敢打赌,那是史上最强的自我欣赏&#8212;&#8212;其他的一切都无法与之相提并论。&#8221;布鲁尼写道。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">极端自恋的成因<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/health/20160721/the-narcissist-next-door/zh-/" title="Link: https://cn.nytimes.com/health/20160721/the-narcissist-next-door/zh-/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">尚不完全为人们所知</a>。有理论认为与家庭教育有关。没有任何药物能够扭转自恋型人格失调,患者一般只有遇到无法克服的人生危机,才会寻求治疗。谈话疗法在坚持数年之后,可以帮助人们更好地理解潜伏在他们的情感与行为之下的东西,更好地接受自己真正的能力与潜力,学习更有效地与他人打交道,从而体验更美好的人际关系。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">来参加一下<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://openpsychometrics.org/tests/NPI/" title="Link: https://openpsychometrics.org/tests/NPI/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">自恋人格调查测试</a>吧,你的测试结果是什么?你对自恋和社交媒体时代的所谓&#8220;自恋文化&#8221;怎么看?欢迎来信或留言告诉我们。也欢迎对&#8220;<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/topic/20161009/word-of-the-day-topic/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">每日一词</a>&#8221;这个栏目提出你的意见和建议。我们的读者信箱地址是:cn.letters@nytimes.com。</div>