<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">莫斯科——美国国家安全顾问约翰·R·博尔顿(John R. Bolton)本周在莫斯科,向官员们解释特朗普总统决定<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/19/us/politics/russia-nuclear-arms-treaty-trump-administration.html?module=inline" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #326891;">退出</a>一项1987年的军控协议。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">特朗普及其强硬派助手,尤其是博尔顿长期以来一直都在表达对《中导条约》(Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty)的不满,他们表示俄罗斯违反了条约条款,而中国不是缔约国。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">“除非俄罗斯来找我们,中国来找我们,他们都来找我们,说‘我们都聪明点,谁都不要研发这些武器’,”美国将退出,开始打造新的核武器,特朗普周六在一场竞选集会上说道。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">作为回应,克里姆林宫发言人德米特里·S·佩斯科夫(Dmitri S.Peskov)暗示会出现一轮新的军备竞赛,他表示“为了在这个方面恢复平衡”,俄罗斯也将被迫开发新武器。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">该提议及克里姆林宫的反应立刻引发了一些对于这个过时的军控协议的质疑,很多30岁以下的人都不知道这个协议的存在。它真的那么重要,以至于它的终结会引发一场全球性军备竞赛吗?</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">到底什么是《中导条约》?</span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2rem -1.25rem; width: auto; padding: 0px; border: none;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 615.994px; float: none; margin: 0px;"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/10/24/world/24missile-print/merlin_120238277_10bf582b-20eb-40c3-bcbd-7bf053046c6f-master1050.jpg" alt="1987年,里根总统与戈尔巴乔夫在华盛顿签署《中导协议》。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/10/24/world/24missile-print/merlin_120238277_10bf582b-20eb-40c3-bcbd-7bf053046c6f-master1050.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 615.994px; height: auto;" /></div><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1em; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: #666666;">1987年,里根总统与戈尔巴乔夫在华盛顿签署《中导协议》。</span> <cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.6875rem; color: #666666; text-transform: uppercase; font-style: normal;">SOVFOTO/UIG, VIA GETTY IMAGES</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">该条约解决了1980年代的一场危机。当时,苏联在欧洲部署了一种名为SS-20、可搭载三枚核弹头的导弹。美国则以巡航导弹及“潘兴2”型(Pershing II)中程导弹作为回应。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">到里根总统与时任苏联领导人戈尔巴乔夫在1987年达成协议,禁止这些武器的时候,由于中程导弹飞行时间短(可以短至10分钟),外界已将其视为核战争的触发器。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">这尤其困扰着苏联司令部,因为他们可能会在下令进行报复性攻击前,就被“晴天霹雳”一般的打击消灭。作为对这种弱点回应的一部分,莫斯科开发出“死亡之手”(<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/81268/the-dead-hand-by-david–e-hoffman/9780307387844/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #326891;">dead hand</a>)触发机制,在领导层没有下达命令的情况下,基于计算机对辐射的解析和地震传感器的判断向美国发射导弹。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">2014年乌克兰危机期间,一份官方报纸发文称,这种利用“人工智能”下令开打核战争的体系尽管在和平年代没有被启动,但仍在运行。</div><div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">《中导条约》禁止射程在311英里(约合500公里)到3420英里(约合5500公里)间的陆基巡航导弹或弹道导弹的存在。条约没有涵盖空中发射或海上发射的武器,例如从舰船、潜水艇或飞机上进行发射的美国“战斧”(Tomahawk)及俄罗斯“口径”(Kalibr)巡航导弹,这些导弹轻松就能射出类似的距离。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">俄罗斯真的作弊了吗?</span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">看起来的确如此。2014年,随着乌克兰危机加剧,奥巴马政府首次指控俄罗斯违反该条约。美国官员表示,莫斯科几乎是公开地部署了一种遭禁的路基巡航导弹,西方称之为“<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://media.defense.gov/2018/Feb/02/2001872886/-1/-1/1/2018-NUCLEAR-POSTURE-REVIEW-FINAL-REPORT.PDF" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #326891;">SSC-8</a>”,它能对欧洲国家构成威胁。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">即使是在奥巴马政府时期,美国之所以说俄罗斯违反了该条约,是因为该国部署了遭禁的战略性核武器,意在威慑欧洲及与西方结盟的前苏国家。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">但特朗普政府最大的担忧可能是在亚洲,在那里,这个1980年代的条约如今限制了美国在陆地上部署短程及中程导弹,以此回应中国在西太平洋打造势力范围,牵制他国海军力量的努力。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">尽管中国人并未签署该条约,但他们周一也加入进来,表示他们反对美国单方面的退出行为。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">接受莫斯科回声(<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://echo.msk.ru/programs/beseda/2301042-echo/" title="Link: https://echo.msk.ru/programs/beseda/2301042-echo/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #326891;">Echo of Moscow</a>)电台采访的博尔顿回应,“中国人不是该协定的参与方,并且希望能将其保存下来。”</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">他接着说,这并不令人意外,“如果我是中国人,我也会这么说”。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">俄罗斯如何反应?</span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2rem -1.25rem; width: auto; padding: 0px; border: none;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 615.994px; float: none; margin: 0px;"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/10/24/world/24missile3/merlin_145154244_1380fcd1-72a7-477c-84ee-58deb72d87ec-master1050.jpg" alt="“侵略者应该知道:复仇是不可避免的,他们将被摧毁,”普京说。“而我们,作为侵略的受害者,会以殉道者的身份直接进入天堂,而他们只会死去。”" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/10/24/world/24missile3/merlin_145154244_1380fcd1-72a7-477c-84ee-58deb72d87ec-master1050.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 615.994px; height: auto;" /></div><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1em; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: #666666;">“侵略者应该知道:复仇是不可避免的,他们将被摧毁,”普京说。“而我们,作为侵略的受害者,会以殉道者的身份直接进入天堂,而他们只会死去。”</span> <cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.6875rem; color: #666666; text-transform: uppercase; font-style: normal;">SERGEI KARPUKHIN/REUTERS</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">简而言之,伴随着军备竞赛和其他末日威胁的警告。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">本月早些时候,当被问及美国退出的可能性时,普京总统若有所思地说起了核末日的可能,称俄罗斯人做好了发动报复性打击的准备,因为他们知道自己可以在核战争中进入天堂。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">“侵略者应该知道:复仇是不可避免的,他们将被摧毁,”普京说。“而我们,作为侵略的受害者,会以殉道者的身份直接进入天堂,而他们只会死去。”</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">其他人则更加克制。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">“这一领域的任何行动都会引发反应,”俄罗斯外交部长谢尔盖·V·拉夫罗夫(Sergey V. Lavrov)在与博尔顿会面前告诉记者。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">其中包括一轮新的军备竞赛的官方警告,一名外部专家威胁说,俄罗斯将开发一大批小型无人机载炸弹袭击美国,也有人认为此举是美国在中期选举前夕虚张声势。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">周一,克里姆林宫发言人佩斯科夫否认俄罗斯违反了该条约,称“恰恰相反”,是美国人违反了其精神。俄罗斯认为,欧洲的美国反导弹发射装置可用于发射攻击性武器,而美国的武装无人机则在条约禁止的巡航导弹范围内飞行。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">博尔顿在俄罗斯间,官方报纸《俄罗斯报》(Rossiskaya Gazeta)以<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://rg.ru/2018/10/21/amerika-opiat-prezhde-vsego-zachem-tramp-obvinil-rossiiu-v-narushenii-drsmd.html" title="Link: https://rg.ru/2018/10/21/amerika-opiat-prezhde-vsego-zachem-tramp-obvinil-rossiiu-v-narushenii-drsmd.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #326891;">《特朗普转向勒索》</a>为题发文,暗指他把在贸易协议方面采取的强硬手段应用于核协议。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">欧洲人如何看待这个问题?</span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2rem -1.25rem; width: auto; padding: 0px; border: none;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 615.994px; float: none; margin: 0px;"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/10/24/world/24missile4/merlin_143972580_c823b003-129a-488f-a40a-381b31a8b1f4-master1050.jpg" alt="德国外交部长海科·马斯在一份声明中表示,《中导条约》“已成为我们欧洲安全架构的重要支柱”。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/10/24/world/24missile4/merlin_143972580_c823b003-129a-488f-a40a-381b31a8b1f4-master1050.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 615.994px; height: auto;" /></div><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1em; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: #666666;">德国外交部长海科·马斯在一份声明中表示,《中导条约》“已成为我们欧洲安全架构的重要支柱”。</span> <cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.6875rem; color: #666666; text-transform: uppercase; font-style: normal;">GENT SHKULLAKU/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">奇怪的是,虽然俄罗斯新的中程导弹威胁到欧洲,但欧洲领导人抗议美国退出该条约的声音最响亮。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">德国外交部长海科·马斯(Heiko Maas)在一份声明中表示,该条约“已成为我们欧洲安全架构的重要支柱”;众多分析人士指出,在跨大西洋关系产生深刻压力的时期,该问题有可能为美国与欧洲之间增添新的隔阂。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">欧盟外交和安全政策发言人玛雅·科奇扬契奇(Maja Kocijancic)在声明中说,“美国和俄罗斯联邦需要继续进行建设性对话,以维护《中导条约》”,因为“世界不需要新的军备竞赛”。</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin: 0px 0px 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">但随着俄罗斯准备部署现有军备控制协议未涵盖的超音速导弹、中国部署中程导弹、美国调整巡航导弹在亚洲的部署以做出回应,许多专家认为,世界已经进入了新的军备竞赛。</div> </div>