<figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="人民日报与习近平" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/827C/production/_104840433_cover1.jpg" width="976" height="553" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 975.996px; display: block;" /></span></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">在中国，最具权威性的喉舌媒体当属中共党报《人民日报》。在密不透风的中国政治中，它被视为是洞察中国政局与政策变化的窗口——当某个特定政治词汇在一段时期内被反复提及，相应的政策也会发生变化。</strong></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">在中国改革开放走向40周年之际，BBC中文从过去40年的《人民日报》中整理出那些曾红极一时的“口头禅”，从词语出现频率变化带您回顾中国40年来的政策摆动。</p><h2>走向“一尊”</h2><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="." src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/10BF1/production/_104639586_xijinping.jpg" width="1600" height="1162" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 975.996px; display: block;" /></span></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">当你打开一份党报，先映入眼帘的很可能是粗体的领导人姓名，他们可能出席了某次会议，或发表某些讲话。显然，领导人姓名出现的顺序、频率与他的权力和地位息息相关。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">1983年，邓小平在《人民日报》出现次数首次超越毛泽东。此前，他刚开始担任中央军委主席。1989年卸任后，他很快输给了继任者江泽民，但两年后，当他以普通党员身份“南下考察”后，他重新成为党报上的“一号人物”。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">这一切，在习近平上台后显得小巫见大巫。2012年，较为“低调”的胡锦涛将权力交给习近平，后者姓名出现频率便几乎直线上升。五年后，习近平获得“党的核心”称号，同一年他被提及的次数已超过江泽民和胡锦涛二人峰值之年总和。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">在这样的背景下，领导人的一举一动都无小事。今年7月30日，《人民日报》头条标题是短短七个字：<a href="http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2018-07/30/nw.D110000renmrb_20180730_2-01.htm" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">“习近平回到北京”</a>，内容仅是讲述他参加完金砖国家峰会后回国。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">《纽约时报》认为，习近平已成为邓小平之后最有权势的统治者，而《福布斯》杂志也将其评选为2018年世界最具权力人物。</p><h2>左右摇摆</h2><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="." src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/949A/production/_104624083_6.jpg" width="1600" height="1089" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 975.996px; display: block;" /></span></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">除了领导人的姓名，“党的领导”和“意识形态”这两个带有鲜明政治色彩的词汇，在改革开放40年历程中如同指南针探寻着中国政局左右变化的方向。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">改革开放之初，从文革中走过来的人们放下《毛主席语录》，“解放思想”成为主流。这段时间，《巴黎圣母院》等西方影片引入中国，思想界空前开放。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">但到1987年，在党内保守派反攻下，一场“反资产阶级自由化”运动展开，“党的领导”被重新重视起来。两年后的六四事件或许更加让领导人认定，是意识形态领域出了问题。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">1992年，邓小平在南方谈话中，面对“姓资姓社”之争，说了四个字——“不搞争论”，意识形态领域的控制明显放松。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">直到习近平上台后，这两个词语出现频率再次抬头猛增。2017年召开的中共十九大上，<a href="http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1028/c1001-29614278.html" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">“党是领导一切的”被写入党章</a>，“党的领导”出现频率自此达到40年来最高点。</p><h2>政治改革昙花一现</h2><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="." src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/130DA/production/_104624087_8.jpg" width="1600" height="1075" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 975.996px; display: block;" /></span></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">改革开放后摇摆不定的政治氛围，让很多人认为一场彻底的政治制度性改革迫在眉睫。1980年，邓小平发表了有关领导制度改革的讲话。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">然而，突然发生在社会主义国家波兰的团结工会事件，却给中共党内保守势力带来了阻碍政改的借口，邓的领导制度改革设想还未展开便偃旗息鼓。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">政治改革重新进入中国领导层视线是在1986年。邓小平在中共中央政治局常委会上说，改革应包括政治体制的改革。“只搞经济体制改革，不搞政治体制改革，经济体制改革也搞不通。”</p><ul style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 18px 165.16px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; background-color: #ffffff;"><li style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: square outside;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-46503394" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">鲍彤：“改革”就是改掉毛泽东的制度</a></li><li style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: square outside;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-46490360" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">改革开放：读懂中国四十年变迁的五大问题</a></li><li style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: square outside;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-46297549" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">人工智能超级读者研读70年《人民日报》之后</a></li><li style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: square outside;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/china/2016/03/160329_ana_china_media_free_speach" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">观察：习近平“媒体姓党”下新闻人的选择</a></li></ul><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">正是这样的基调下，时任国务院总理赵紫阳组建中央政治体制改革研讨小组，就党政分开、下放权力等问题进行研究。1987年10月，《政治体制改革总体设想》获十二届七中全会通过。这一年，“政治体制改革”在《人民日报》上的出现次数达到巅峰。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">历史仿佛与中国开了一个玩笑，1989年六四事件爆发后，这场雄心勃勃的改革计划彻底终止。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">在随后的20余年时间里，“政治体制改革”的字眼虽仍时不时出现在党代会等重要场合，但再也未能像80年代的政改一样引起强烈反响。</p><h2>意识形态的纠结</h2><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="." src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/467A/production/_104624081_5.jpg" width="1600" height="1077" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 975.996px; display: block;" /></span></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">政改夭折，经济改革也并不轻松。80年代的市场化改革引发相当一批保守人士质疑，中国是否已偏离了马克思设想的社会主义道路。在毛泽东时代，人们普遍认为市场经济是资本主义成分。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">直到1979年11月，邓小平在会见外宾时说，“社会主义为什么不可以搞市场经济，这个不能说是资本主义。我们是计划经济为主，也结合市场经济，但这是社会主义的市场经济。”</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">尽管如此，“市场经济”并未立刻在《人民日报》上崭露头角，而是被用“商品经济”这一更委婉的提法替代。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">1992年邓小平南巡后，中共十四大会议将“建立社会主义市场经济体制”明确为中国经济改革目标。“市场经济”由此在党报中大幅出现。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="." src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/12CF2/production/_104624077_3.jpg" width="1600" height="1114" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 975.996px; display: block;" /></span></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">与火热的“市场经济”形成对比的，是日渐冷落的“共产主义”一词。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">中国是世界上为数不多的将社会主义写入《宪法》的国家。根据俄国政治家列宁的理论，社会主义是走向共产主义的过渡阶段，但改革开放后，中国共产党显然不想再考虑过于遥远的、要解放全人类的“共产主义使命”。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">早在80年代中期，围绕是否将“以共产主义思想为核心的精神文明”写入党的决议，时任中共总书记的<a href="http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/144956/10199170.html" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">胡耀邦与党内保守派曾发生争议</a>。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">1986年8月，胡耀邦在一次会议上说，“全国人民怎么能以共产主义思想为核心？四项基本原则是实际工作中要贯彻的，不能天天念经的样子去讲，那就解放不了思想。”</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">此后，中国当局对共产主义的提法越来越少，在需要强调意识形态时，很多时候只提社会主义。</p><h2>公共舆论场的博弈</h2><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="." src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/E2BA/production/_104624085_7.jpg" width="1600" height="1085" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 975.996px; display: block;" /></span></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">伴随改革开放后经济增长的，是中国民众要求参与政治与社会事务的意识。中国《宪法》规定中国公民享有监督权，但批评人士认为，现实中履行这一权利异常艰难。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">中国对媒体长期实行严格监管，禁止民间开办新闻媒体。但官媒的主要身份是“党的喉舌”，批评同级甚至上级的工作成为大忌。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">在这种情况下，巧妙避开“媒体”字眼的“舆论监督”一词被提了出来。1987年，中共十三大会议报告说，要“发挥舆论监督的作用，支持群众批评工作中的缺点错误”。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">90年代后期，官方媒体也走向市场化改革，很多党媒开始办起了都市报。尽管报禁犹在，但遍地开花的都市报仍在一定程度上实现了针砭时弊。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">1998年，时任国务院总理<a href="http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1026/15722214.html" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">朱镕基到中央电视台视察</a>时说，“什么叫以正面报道为主？是指99％都应该正面报道吗？98％、80％就不行吗？我看51％不也行吗？”</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="." src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/65ED/production/_104639062_1.jpg" width="1600" height="1048" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 975.996px; display: block;" /></span></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">21世纪到来，互联网成为中国新的舆论场。博客、微博等社交平台兴起后，公民意识表达有了新高地，“公民社会”也在党报中被越来越多地提及。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">转折点发生在2011年初，突尼斯爆发的茉莉花革命在中国也引发效仿，<a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/china/2011/02/110220_china_jasmine_revolution" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">多个中国城市爆发集会</a>，要求开启政改，开放新闻自由。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">或许感到威胁的中国领导人，自此对“公民社会”嗤之以鼻。前中央政法委秘书长周本顺甚至<a href="http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/fxy/content/2011-05/30/content_2687133.htm?node=21212" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">撰文批“公民社会”是“西方国家设计的陷阱”</a>。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">今年前11个月，与中国有关的“公民社会”仅在《人民日报》出现一次，达到历史低点。</p>