<figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px -54.2188px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="习近平的《告台湾同胞书》发表40周年纪念会讲话" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/660/cpsprodpb/EA8D/production/_105254006_gettyimages-1076520812.jpg" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="660" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 645.781px; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">AFP</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">习近平的《告台湾同胞书》发表40周年纪念会讲话</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(注:本文不代表BBC观点)</em></strong></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">中国国台办主任刘结一于2019年1月16日在核心的党中央《求是》杂志上发表5800多字长文《做好新时代对台工作的根本遵循和行动指南——深入学习贯彻习近平总书记在《告台湾同胞书》发表40周年纪念会上的重要讲话精神》。文章用意在于教导全国对台湾工作系统人员应该怎么理解习近平的《告台湾同胞书》发表40周年纪念会讲话。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 23px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">不久便要召开一年一度的中共对台工作会议了(一般是1月份或2月初──即在农历年前)。该文相当于刘预先提供阅读材料给下属在开会前看,预先统一思想,届时开会容易事半功倍。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">刘结一透露的思路是凡事讲究轻重缓急,习目前的精力主要放在处理中美贸易战以及处理经济下滑的问题,在台湾议题上无意过多着墨。台湾议题虽然重要,但是论重要性(importance),论迫切性(urgency),都不如中美关系大局。所以在目标设定上,北京对于台湾的阶段性目标更多在于搁置议题,不出乱子,不要扩大成为中美关系的变量。当然,若是能够依照笔者之前拙作所说,习释放出的弹性能够发挥一定的统战效果,引起台湾有意竞逐总统大选,需要做市场区隔(branding)的群雄愿者上钩,在两岸议题定位上往北京希望的方向做修正,甚至连带地把台湾的统独话语光谱的“奥佛顿之窗”(Overton Window)往统的方向稍微移动,则属于额外收获。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">那么在台湾议题上,刘结一诠释下的习近平是准备怎么搁置?怎么避免台湾议题升级?</p><ul style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 18px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; background-color: #ffffff;"><li style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: square outside;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-46745885" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">“一国两制”新交锋:当习近平遇上逐渐强硬的蔡英文</a></li><li style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: square outside;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-46733507" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">蔡英文强硬回应习近平“两制”台湾方案提议</a></li><li style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: square outside;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-46901425" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">台北故宫颜真卿书法外借日本为何引发争议</a></li><li style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: square outside;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/46891821" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">中国警告跨国公司:不要错误标示台湾</a></li><li style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: square outside;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/46921099" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">台北市长柯文哲想组党 2020动向受关注</a></li></ul><h2>一、行礼如仪,预防战略猜疑:</h2><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">习近平基本上照本宣科地重述40年前叶剑英讲话的绝大多数的内容,表示旧政策如今依然适用。明显的,《告台湾同胞书》是改革开放以来北京对台政策的基石,如果遇到40周年这种场合习却一句话都没有表示,反而会引起外界不必要的疑虑。外界第一步会先疑问是不是旧政策不再适用了?接着第二步会想象替代它的新政策会是什么?在战略互信极低(strategic mistrust)的情形下,外界反而可能把北京的意图想象得实际情况更坏(worst-case scenario analysis)。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">所以逢此时机习近平不得不发表讲话,但是又无心过多着墨,所以基本上只是重复了旧方针(只是不再提及邓小平于80年代加码的其它利多),而刘结一将其简单地定位为中国共产党人在新时代推动解决台湾问题、推进祖国和平统一进程的总纲领、宣言书,意即旧方针持续有效,各界包含各级对台系统都不必再多加猜测。</p><h2>二、确保台湾不会跑:</h2><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">习在演说中释出轮廓不明的对台善意,说北京愿意“探索‘两制’台湾方案,丰富和平统一实践”。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">按照中共传统话语,《实践是检验真理的唯一标准》,所以预设的“真理”在“实践”中可以也需要被不断的修正。所以“丰富实践”的意思即为,既然一国两制方案(“真理”)有让台湾人有不够满意之处,一旦统一了,北京愿意随时修正,再释出比原先更多的弹性,更多让利给台湾。北京希望以此增加统一的吸引力,劝台湾不要向法理台独方向行进。(当然,以台湾的角度来看,一旦统一变成既成事实之后,所有政策都是会审时度势、随时调整。那么一旦实践后发现没有必要,那么现在承诺的政策弹性日后会不会收回去,什么时候收回去,自然操之于北京。战略互信不足,是造成台湾不易信任北京承诺,而北京无论划出再多美好愿景都是事倍功半的原因。)</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">另一方面,北京的疑虑亦出于上一次绿营执政时的前车之鉴。第一次民进党执政时,陈水扁政府在第二任期期间遇到 2005年地方选举大败,陈随即饱受民进党党内外批评,面临个人政治危机。为了巩固领导地位,陈的两岸路线随即转向深绿路线,以制宪正名和冻结国统会和国统纲领等独派要求,号召基层勤王保卫司令部,方才解除个人危机。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">如今 2018年底地方选举,绿营全方位大败,败得比陈水扁政府第二任时还要彻底,地方实力几乎回到三十年前其为初创党时期的水平。有了陈政府的前车之鉴,北京一度担心蔡英文会照着陈水扁的策略依样画葫芦。当年陈面临的是九一一之后的中美关系蜜月期,美国小布什政府不但没有帮助陈,反而协同北京控管陈的正名路线(此所谓中共“经美制台”时期);但是如今局面却和当年相反:中美关系陷入冰点,台美关系热络。蔡一旦选择走深绿路线,或许可以得到比当年陈水扁所得到的更多的美国支持。所以北京对于蔡只能保守地“料敌从严”,以免失分;而蔡英文在习近平演说后第一时间的强硬响应,虽然得到台湾内部一片叫好,但是恐怕短期内将会更加加深北京对蔡的疑虑。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6484px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/9C6D/production/_105254004_gettyimages-831588536.jpg" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/9C6D/production/_105254004_gettyimages-831588536.jpg" alt="This picture taken on August 12, 2017 shows pro-Taiwan independence activists marching on the streets with flags during an event commemorating the upcoming Summer Universiade in Taipei. – Taiwan is about to host its largest ever sporting event, attracting thousands of athletes from around the world, but the World University Games, dubbed the 'Little Olympics', has highlighted tensions with China and Taiwan's struggle for international recognition." width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 616.211px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">AFP</span></span></figure><h2>三、确保两岸问题不会持续扩大成为中美问题的筹码:</h2><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">北京最担心的其实是美国会加码介入台湾政治以及两岸关系。2018 台湾地方选举前后,美国国会通过多项友台法案,以及选举期间包含美国 AIT前高雄分处处长杜维浩(Robert DeWitt)在个人脸书上分享的赞赏高雄近四十年来的美丽蜕变的贴文(被台湾普遍解读为是在间接支持于高雄长期执政的民进党),都引起了北京的疑虑。北京自然担心凡事有一便有二,怀疑台湾在今年进入总统大选竞选年后,美国政府在统独议题上更有发挥空间的总统级选举上,会不会再度出手,帮助绿营。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">另外,现任美国国家安全顾问波顿(John Bolton)在上任前曾经公开于《华尔街日报》发表评论,于 2016年提倡《美国可以打出台湾牌》以制中(The U.S. Can Play a 'Taiwan Card'),提出了“台湾牌五步论”的路线图;2017年,他并进一步提出美国应该《重新评估一中政策》 (Revisit the 'One-China Policy')。波顿提倡的部分步骤已经获得局部实现,这无疑加深了北京的疑虑。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">这是为什么习近平在讲完许多温情的好话之后,他唯一提到武力选项的地方会在第五条“坚决反对‘台独’分裂、外来干涉”部分。按照刘结一的阐述:“我们不承诺放弃使用武力,保留采取一切必要措施的选项,针对的是外部势力干涉和极少数‘台独’分裂分子及其分裂活动。”</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">换句话说,按照习近平的说法,动武,主要是针对外部势力(美国),以及连带的北京眼中的少数一些和外部势力里应外合的所谓“带路党”。只要台湾不自己跑走(追寻法理台独),北京对台湾不用动武,因为在情感上台湾人“是我们的骨肉天亲”,在实务上如同林中斌教授说了十年以上的,“买台湾”也比“打台湾”便宜,收益高,风险低。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6484px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/8F66/production/_105201763_gettyimages-1076538042.jpg" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/8F66/production/_105201763_gettyimages-1076538042.jpg" alt="Tsai Ing-wen" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 616.211px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">GETTY IMAGES</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">蔡英文曾表示台湾不会接受与中国大陆统一。</span></figcaption></figure><h2>为何依然不排除武力选项?</h2><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">北京所以要宣示不排除武力选项,原因有两个。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">第一,“不排除武力选项”是形式上的面子和法律问题。在民族情感上“犯强汉者虽远必诛”已经是无人敢挑战的政治正确。其次在法令上,必要时动用“非和平选项”,原本即是 2005年《反国家分裂法》第三条“不受任何外国势力的干涉”和第八条“发生将会导致台湾从中国分裂出去的重大事变,或者和平统一的可能性完全丧失”所要求,对此照本宣科(pay lip service),属于题内应有之义,亦属于对台释出善意之余,对内安抚鹰派民族情绪的口惠配套。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">第二,“不排除武力选项”是谈判的标准配备。“不排除武力选项”中文乍听之下虽然可怕,但是放宽眼界,把它翻译成为常见的谈判用英文,即是“All options are on the table”(不排除任何选项)。这就很清楚了,它是国际关系里“胁迫式外交”(coercive diplomacy)的标准用语,提出它不代表会真的动武,只是胁迫谈判对手多让出一些筹码的谈判手法。川普 2018年曾经在和北韩(朝鲜)、伊朗、叙利亚、委内瑞拉等许多国家时公开使用此词汇,但是事实证明他并没有准备对这些国家用武。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">再举一个例子,北韩近四分之一世纪以来,每当和南韩(韩国)与美国谈判不顺,又苦无筹码可以得其所愿时,平壤的解决方案往往便是威胁“不排除动用武力选项”,若不让步,北韩即将导弹齐发让首尔“陷入火海” (sea of fire)。此为战略研究中标准的“边缘策略”(brinkmanship)。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">亲善北京者,不妨将北京的言论模拟于美国。敌视北京者,不妨将其模拟于金正恩。无论何者,北京这次聊备一格的“不排除武力选项”宣示,都不必然代表武力统一具有急迫性,无须过度反应。</p><h2>软硬两手,统战蚕食</h2><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">经济上,中国经济成长率持续下滑,中美贸易战方兴未艾,十二月初中美达成的息火三个月的协议,不知不觉已经过了一半期限。中国的国务院为了刺激景气而宣布大幅减税六千亿元人民币,中国政府财政收支连带吃紧,总理李克强因而在日前国务院常务会议上公开要求“各级政府和部门要把一般性支出坚决压下来,牢固树立过‘紧日子’的思想”。外交上,中国面临西方诸国联合制裁华为,和加拿大的高调外交龃龃;美国商务谈判团拚出相当于副部长级官员到北京商谈,中共却意外提高两级位阶,派出副总理刘鹤接见恳谈,但依然没有取得成果。如此种种都透露出北京面临着近四分之一世纪以来少见的困局。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6484px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1865F/production/_105253999_gettyimages-834371434.jpg" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/1865F/production/_105253999_gettyimages-834371434.jpg" alt="A pro-unification activist displays a Republic of China flag near the roped-off rear entrance to the Presidential Palace complex, where a samurai sword-wielding attacker slashed a police guard, in Taipei on August 18, 2017." width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 616.211px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">AFP</span></span></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">在此大环境下,对中共领导层而言,台湾议题的位阶和急迫性相对下滑,本是人之常情。按照颜建发教授的说法便是对台湾暂时无力鲸吞,或可蚕食。北京亦知蓝绿领导人不可能做出类似公开接受“一国两制”等根本性的调整,尤其是在台湾 2019-2020总统选战期间。所以只能够一方面以“不排除武力选项”吓阻美国不要介入,另一方面在和平统一可能性的确实内含上做出愿意释出更多弹性的表态,避免台湾出走、问题升级。若是释出的弹性包含“政治协商”等话题,进能够发挥一定的统战效果,退能够引起台湾反应过度、自乱阵脚,则属于额外收获。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">对台湾而言,中美竞逐态势已现,但是冷战之势未成。冷战成立的前提是国际格局必须进入二元状态 (bipolarity),浮现两大阵营,使得大部分国家需要在两边之间选边站。但是目前中国在国际上缺乏盟友,虽是超级大国,却无力构成一个稳定的阵营,只能按件收费 (case by case)的在个别议题上引诱个别国家与其合作。相对的美国虽然是历时已经大半世纪的西方阵营之首,奈何总统川普(特朗普)上任两年来崇尚“美国第一” (America First),外交上倾向单边主义和交易主义 (transactionalism),多次批评北约同盟、欧盟、北美自由贸易区等等,甚至威胁美国要离开北约,自己破坏西方阵营的向心力。虽然其国务院、国防部等奉公职守的官僚体系依然在困难中前进,尝试稳定西欧和东亚盟友和伙伴国的战略关系(尤其是在没有薪水,一些联邦政府员工甚至要去慈善单位要饭吃的状况下──因为川普主动造成美国经历史上最长的联邦政府关门)。 再说,美国领导西方阵营的道德号召力已经受到了重大打击,要为中国制造问题的能力有之,要高效率地团结协调指挥西方各国有效地围堵遏制中国,成果恐怕只能是时好时坏 (spotty)。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">以中美两强为首的国际格局面临重整,然而重整的未来方向暂时缺乏可靠的现代模板可循。面对此不明的国际大局,处于两强夹缝中的台湾面对软硬两手的话语,只能够展现战略沉着,避免反应过度,见到所谓“萝卜”无须自做多情,见到所谓“大棒”亦切忌自乱阵脚。</p>