<span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-no-proof:yes"></span></span><div></div><div> </div><div align="center"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2019/Feb/2252019HSZ.jpg" alt="" width="294" height="392" /> </div><div align="center"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><a name="OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span></a></span><em><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適先生</span></span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"></span></span></span></span></span></em></div><div align="center"> </div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">個人主義:自由之魂</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu"></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在中國,提到胡適,就必然想到自由主義;而提到自由主義,也必然會想到胡適。胡適是近代中國自由主義的中樞人物。</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適的自由主義的倫理基地是個人主義。其思想基礎早在“五四”運動以前就已經奠定。他在美國留學期間所受教育以及關於知識份子應當保持中立和獨立的一貫認識都在推動他走上自由主義者的道路。特別是他所接受和宣導的十九世紀歐洲的個人主義思想直接導致自由主義。</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適宣導個人主義的代表作是《易蔔生主義》一文。這篇文章在五四運動以前對於中國社會的思想解放運動產生較大的影響。他在文章中宣導的個人主義在當時確定</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">“最新鮮又最需要的一針注射”</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">(</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適《介紹我自己的思想》</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">)</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">。胡適提倡自由獨立的人格和為我主義的個人主義。他指出社會最大的罪惡莫過於摧折個人的個性,使之得不到自由發展,充分發展自己的個性和人格,應當成為青年最重要的人生主張。發展個人的個性,須要有兩個條件:一是須使個人有自由意志;二是須使個人擔干係負責任。”個人若沒有自由權,又不負責任,便和做奴隸一樣,……到底不能發展個人的人格。”</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">[1]</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">一個自治的社會,一個共和的國家,都應當使個人有自由獨立的人格。社會國家若不允許個人有自由獨立的人格,“那種社會國家決沒有改良進步的希望”。</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">[2]</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適在提倡個人主義的同時,反對狹隘的國家主義。易卜生從來不主張狹義的國家主義,從來不是狹義的愛國者。這是胡適對易蔔生個人主義思想的徹底性的認識。易蔔生曾經表示,國家的觀念終將消滅,人類觀念終將興起。胡適以此推斷易蔔生晚年一定進入“世界主義”的境界。這說明易蔔生的人類主義或世界主義思想對胡適是有影響的。</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">國家主義是個人主義的對立物,也是自由主義的對立物。胡適宣揚個人主義也是為了剷除國家主義。個人在鑄成自由獨立的人格以後就會產生同國家的惡勢力相抗爭的勇氣。</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適希望青少年朋友都能像易蔔生筆下的娜拉和斯鐸曼醫生那樣,努力鑄造自己的個性和人格,“要特立獨行,敢說老實話,敢向惡勢力作戰。”</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">[3]</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">中國要擺脫愚昧落後的狀況,需要的不是國家主義,而是個人主義。“歐有了十八九世紀的個人主義,造出了無數愛自由過於麵包,愛真理過於生命的獨立特行之士,方才有今日的文明世界。”然而中國的統治者總是把國家主義強制灌輸給國人,以國家利益為藉口壓迫個人自由。如此惡習,一代甚於一代。你要個人的自由,會有人說先要爭取國家的自由;你要個人的人權,偏有人講國家主權比你個人的人權更重要。國家主義者千方百計地為壓迫自由人權的行為辯護。胡適直接對此種國家主義挑戰:“現在有人對你們說‘犧牲你們個人的自由,去求國家的自由</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">!</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">’我對你們說:‘爭你們個人的自由,便是為國家爭自由</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">!</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">爭你們自己的人格,便是為國家爭人格</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">!</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">自由平等的國家不是一群奴才建造得起來的</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">!</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">”</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></span></span></p> <span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK133"></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK130"></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">打著國家的幌子肆意剝奪公民個人的自由,這是國家主義者和一切奴役者的一貫作法。根據他們的邏輯,你若爭個人自由,便會危害國家利益,他們所謂國家利益說到底,就是他們依靠專制主義手段欺壓人民所獲取的既得利益。國家主義所要造就的是完全喪失自由獨立的人格的奴才。胡適號召個人要真實的為我,鑄成自由獨立的人格,這是從根底上破壞國家主義和其它一切集體主義和奴役主義的理論。人在形成自由獨立的人格後,自然不會滿足於現狀。自然敢於說老實話,敢於攻擊社會國家的腐敗情形。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">簡言之,胡適的自由主義是反國家主義、反集體主義的,個人主義是其本體論核心。這是抓住了自由主義精髓的。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW">清醒獨立堅守不渝</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">當自由主義、憲政民主作為一種價值理念從歐洲向東亞推進時,會產生怎樣一種歷史後果?這是人們反復琢磨的富有挑戰性的問題。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">我們曾談到,袁世凱恢復帝制失敗而於</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1916</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年去世後,中國陷入軍閥割據的局面。一方面,在實踐上,憲政試驗陷入困境,老百姓遭受了局部戰亂之苦;但</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">另一方面,由於中央權威與控制力的減弱,由於國門開啟,西方思潮湧入,致使該時期在文化、社會、經濟等各方面都有令人耳目一新的發展,成為現代中國文化最</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">為繁榮的時期,政治理念大飛躍的時期。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">象狂飆降臨,中國的五四運動就是在這樣一個特殊的歷史時期興起的。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:9.0pt"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">而把胡適推向中國思想界的,首先正是五四新文化運動。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:9.0pt"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">如果仔細分析,事實上,有兩個「五四」,它們具有不同的內涵。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">一個是作為新文化運動的「五四」,它以《新青年》雜誌為中心,是從</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1915</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年到</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1923</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年掀起的一場文化啟蒙運動。其基本的精神資源是自由主義,其基本口號是「民主與科學」。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">另一個是作為救國運動的「五四」,即</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1919</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">5</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">4</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">日因巴黎和會外交失敗而爆發的學生遊行並火燒趙家樓的事件,直到</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">6</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">3</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">日上海的總罷市為止。其基本精神資源是民族主義,其基本口號是「外抗強權,內懲國賊」。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">可以看出,這兩個「五四」雖然不是絕對衝突,但根本精神是很不相同的,存在著內在的緊張。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適是新文化運動的「五四」的卓越代表。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">這場運動,第一個攻擊目標是中國的文言文,即過去一直沿用的書面文字。它是由美國留學回來的胡適博士發起的。文言文與人們普通的口頭語言</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">很不相同,只有極少數的人一輩子下苦功才能學會,而不會的人根本不能進入上層社會,也無法書面表達自己的思想。胡適的文學革命,首先就要大家用白話文來寫</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">作,「我手寫我口」。古文的專制從此就被推翻了。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">新文化運動的核心是激烈反對中國的傳統文化,特別是反對儒家倫理,提倡「科學、民主」,追求個性解放。在這方面表現最突出的是陳獨秀。應當指出,當時提倡</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">的「民主」,主要是指反對等級,反對專制,宣導平等,主張平民主義,帶有民粹主義傾向。而當時提倡的「科學」,則是「真理」的代名詞,不容懷疑和批評。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">新文化運動在文學方面最傑出的代表是魯迅。他使用天才的白話文創作的小說等精神產品,對中國專制與宗法傳統進行了深入骨髓的空前尖銳的抨擊,他從過去「仁義道德」的書本中,讀出了滿篇的「吃人」二字,具有震撼人心的力量。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">民族主義</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu" lang="ZH-CN">之翼</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:LiSu"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-ascii-font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">「五四」的另一方面,即民族主義方面,實際上更深地影響了中國的現代進程。中國近代的激烈的反帝國主義浪潮,在很大程度上是五四學生運動傳統的發煌。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> 1919</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">5</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">4</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">日,巴黎和會的凡爾賽和約竟然把山東原來德國的租界移交給日本,中國作為戰勝國之一,竟受到如此不公正和屈辱的待遇。消息傳到北京,北大</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">及其他學校的三千多名學生立刻集合在天安門遊行示威,要求取消日本對華的「二十一條」,收回山東租界,拒絕和約簽字。他們火燒趙家樓,拳打駐日本公使,北</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">京政府逮捕</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">30</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">多名學生,全北京學生立即總罷課,並通電全國,於是發展到上海、天津、南京、武漢、杭州、廣州、九江和山東、安徽等地工人舉行了中國歷史上</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">第一次政治罷工,商人罷市並抵制日貨。在全國強大壓力下,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">6</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">6</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">日至</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">10</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">日,政府被迫釋放被捕學生,撤去負有責任的官員曹汝霖、陸宗輿和章宗祥的職務,並</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">於</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">28</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">日拒絕在和約上簽字。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">這一運動的顯著特點是,它是由知識份子所發動和領導的。這些人正是</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1905</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年廢除科舉制度後受新學校教育或留學而成長起來的新一代讀書人,他們極大地強化了中國近代的民族主義。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">同時,如前所述,當時,在鄰居俄國,發生了十月革命,誕生了世界歷史上的第一個依照馬克思列寧主義作為國家意識形態的政權,列寧把該意識形態改寫為非西</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">方的殖民地國家反抗西方宗主國的意識形態。這一意識形態很快傳入中國,在當時中國很多先進知識份子看來,它既是西方傳來的最新「科學」,又是本民族反對西</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">方列強的武器,所以非常投合他們的科學主義和民族主義的心理需求,支配了相當一批中國知識者。因此,五四新文化運動中的自由主義聲音以後受到了一系列的挑戰。。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">五四當時及以後,在學術界,文化界,思想界發生了一系列重大爭論,胡適都參與其中,甚至差不多經常都是主角。譬如,關於整理國故,關於問題與主義之爭,關於科學與人生觀的論爭,關於東西文化的論爭,關於人權問題的論爭,關於民主與獨裁的論爭等。五四時期,影響中國文化的思想家和學者,作為領袖人物,人們一般容易提到三位:胡適、陳獨秀和魯迅。論及所受外來影響,魯迅和陳獨秀主要受日本的影響,胡適受美國影響。有人常說,在中國,受日本影響的思想家更深刻,而受英美影響的思想家比較淺,比較明白。但是這一印象有其盲點。我自己更看重思想的內涵、傾向及生命力。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">民主還是獨裁?</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">中國五四運動之後至</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1937</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年中日戰爭全面爆發,是中國社會相對穩定時期。在這段時期內,雖然有國民黨意識形態的某種束縛,然而這一束縛只是威權主義,並非極權主義統治,因而存在相對的思想言論學術自由。這是近代中國自由主義逐步深化,人才輩出的時期。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW">1930</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年代初,在中國知識界內部,曾發生過一場關於國家政治方向的大辯論:</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">民主與獨裁的辯論。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">由於蘇聯這樣的共產國家的存在與發展,更主要是由於義大利和德國法西斯主義的興起,一股世界性的思潮在蔓延,那就是:對自由主義對憲政民主制度的懷疑和否定的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">潮流。從</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1933</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年開始,中國報刊大量介紹德國,希特勒,墨索里尼,國家社會主義,法西斯主義,以及史達林和馬克思列寧的共產主義。被稱為</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">法西斯主義聖</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">經</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">的《德國國社黨黨綱》及希特勒的《我的奮鬥》,都是在這時候被譯成中文廣泛傳播的。以《獨立評論》為中心的被稱為</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">民主與專制</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">的論爭,就是在這種氣</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">氛中發起的。爭論的雙方基本上都是曾在國外留學過的學者。一方是丁文江、蔣廷黻、錢端升等人,一方是胡適等人。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">早在</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1932</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">6</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月,著名學者傅斯年在該刊發表了《中國現在要有政府》一文,得出</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">此時中國政治,若離了國民黨便沒有了政府</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">的結論。稍後,丁文</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">江、翁文灝分別發表文章,都是強調強權政治的。翁文灝呼籲說:</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在這個危急存亡的時候我們更需要一個政府,而且要一個有力量能負責的政府。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”1933</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">5 </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月,蔣廷黻發表《知識階級與政治》,有一段很著名的話,說:</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">我們應該積極地擁護中央。中央有錯,我們應設法糾正;不能糾正的話,我們還是擁護中央,因為</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">它是中央。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">蔣廷黻還寫了《革命與專制》一文,以歐洲歷史為例,論證建立民族國家的重要性。他認為,中國得先經過一段新的專制,把國家建成統一的民族國</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">家。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適接連發表了《建國與專制》和《再論建國與專制》兩篇文章進行反駁,主張民主憲政。蔣廷黻寫了回應文章,堅稱</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">民主憲政不可行</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">惟一的過渡方法</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">是個人專制</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">。吳景超發表《革命與建國》作為聲援,突出強調領袖的重要性。胡適發表《政治統一的途徑》,反對蔣廷黻和吳景超的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">武力統一論</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">,再次強調國</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">會制度。政治學家錢端升在</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1933</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年間還在讚美魏瑪民主,此時卻轉了一個大彎,表示擁護</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">集權政府</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">,認為納粹主義的勝利,法西斯主義在義大利和共產主義</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在蘇聯的勝利,都</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">給民主以致命的打擊,民主的弱點已暴露無遺</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">。他在《民主政治乎?極權國家乎?》一文中說:</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">獨裁是一種最有力的制度</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">民主政治是</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">非放棄不可的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在民族情緒沒有減低以前,國家的權力一定是無所不包的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">——</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">即極權國家</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">。丁文江接連撰文,認為民主制度</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">緩不濟急</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">,需要高效的集權政</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">府以取代之,還進一步指出:</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">惟一的希望是知識階級聯合起來,把變相的舊式專制改為比較的新式獨裁。一時間,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">新式獨裁</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">論在中國知識界得到熱烈的回應。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">撰文《答丁在君先生論民主與獨裁》,再度強調民主,他說:</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">我可以斷斷的預言:中國今日若真走上獨裁的政治,所得的決不會是新式的獨裁,而一定是那殘民以</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">逞的舊式專制。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">丁文江等認為當時日本一天一天向中國壓迫,中國國勢危急,必須建立一個強有力的政治中心,因而需要一段時期的獨裁。而胡適等人則認為,仍然應當堅持</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">實自由民主的政治,這種制度才可能從根本上建立一個強大的國家;他認為:「爭你們個人的自由,便是為國家爭自由!爭你們個人的人格,便是為國家爭人格!自</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">由平等的國家,不是一群奴才建造得起來的!」</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">應當公平地說,當時雙方都是在理性地討論,丁文江等學者,並不是要向國民黨獻策鼓勵蔣介石走希特勒的道路。他們最終也希望中國走上民主道路,只是認</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">為中國當時若要抵抗日本侵略的話,必須有一個權威的中心力量把全國統一起來。就是說,在國家危亡時,救亡第一,民主只能暫時捨棄了。這場論辯雖然未分勝</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">負,但仍然是有意義的,它不僅在學術思想水準上平分秋色,而且樹立了一個在知識界理性討論政治的典範。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">本來,國民政府裡不少留學海外的菁英,現代獨立國家的一些基本特徵都具備了。在社會上,繼續著民國初年的一些文明發展,汽車、電影、劇院、書報雜誌、現</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">代學校、自主的海關稅務等等都出現了。雖然言論比民國初年北洋政府控制得更緊,但大體上民間媒體還是存在的。雖然國民黨在這段時期已經顯露出保守腐敗和專</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">制的陋習,並打壓社會變革,但在大都市以及外交軍事等方面也一步步在走向現代化,以至那之後一段時期被稱作有限而短暫的十年繁榮時期,一個歷史的機會。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在這樣的情勢下,胡適本是想完全作一個學人。他從海外歸國之後,曾有一句話:從今二十年內不談政治。他的想法是現在有些東西還沒有弄清楚,需要研究清楚後再說話。但是後來卻身不由己的捲入了很多的中國的政治社會事件中去了。那恐怕在當時中國國情下是很難避免的。列強在中國的橫行,特別是三十年代日本逼著中國沒有辦法冷靜下來,中國就走上一條靠發動群眾來進行抗日的風潮。而共產黨為了自己的生存,必須爭取跟日本人打戰,抗日也確實是一個正大光明的題目,胡適當然也是主張抗日的。但是他希望中國先一步一步建設自己,最後再站起來抗擊。這是兩種不同的方式。但這種方式在抗戰激昂時代,沒人會聽的進去的。他變得非常孤立。他的老朋友像丁文江,像蔣廷黻都主張新式獨裁,但他認為獨裁不是辦法。獨裁只能飲鴆止渴,會使中國現代化往回倒退。這就是當時一場著名的論戰。民主與獨裁之爭。其實蔣廷黻跟丁文江這些人也是受了現代教育,他們也是推崇自由民主的,但是他們覺得中國當時必須要獨裁才能應付危局。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">這場爭論,使自由主義在中國從抽象理論式的學理進入了具體政治過程的論爭中,開始呈現出某種實踐性的品格。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">歷史表明,在這場爭論中,胡適是想得更深遠一些。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%"> </span></span></p><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><span lang="ZH-TW"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:LiSu"></span></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu" lang="ZH-CN">反極權的中流砥柱</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:LiSu"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">對抗共產主義與法西斯主義</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適等中國自由主義者面對的當時國內政治態勢是,孫中山與原來的合作者廣東軍人陳炯明產生了政見分歧:孫中山主張建立單一制國家,而陳炯明則主張中國實行聯邦制</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">‘</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">強調各省的自治權。於是,孫中山設想的借助</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">南方軍人力量以統一中國的戰略遭致失敗。國民黨勢單力薄,在這一情勢下,孫決定向才誕生不久的蘇聯求援。因為蘇聯當時宣稱廢除俄國與中國的一切不平等條</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">約,而列寧當時的「世界革命論」又有很強的反帝國主義色彩,相當符合落後國家民族主義者的口味。於是,孫先生從</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1922</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年起,與列寧領導的共產國際合作,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">憑藉蘇聯的人才、金錢和槍炮,重組國民黨。他請蘇聯的鮑羅廷擔任顧問,鮑羅廷幫助國民黨開辦政治學校,起草黨章,並按蘇聯的模式發展了很多地方性的基層組</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">織。孫先生還派遣蔣介石去蘇聯考察了三個月,在蔣</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1924</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年歸國後任命他為新成立的黃埔軍校校長,組建自己的武裝力量。由於與第三國際合作的背景,年輕的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">中共幹部周恩來出任了黃埔軍校政治部主任。孫中山的轉向,使國民黨染上了列寧主義的色彩。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">當年的這一轉向,對國民黨是致命的。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在這之前,共產國際就已經派了荷蘭人馬林來中國,在他的指導下,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1921</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">7</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月於上海召開了中國共產黨的建黨大會。經由辦刊物、開書店、翻</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">譯、辦研究會、組織工會,以階級鬥爭為宗旨,成了一個「行動的意識形態」的、以奪權為目標的、集權的、秘密的列寧主義政黨。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">從此,中國本來就較為微弱的自由主義,遭遇到了一個新的思想與政治對手——共產主義(馬克思列寧主義)。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">前面提到的中國在</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">30</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年代的「民主與獨裁」的論爭,實際上與第一次世界大戰後的整個國際大背景有關。一戰之後,人們普遍對當時的西方的主流政治秩序產生</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">了懷疑和絕望的情緒。因此,在俄國共產黨用暴力奪取政權後不久,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1922</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年,義大利的墨索里尼創立了法西斯黨。作為右翼政黨,他們與左翼的共產黨都認為,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">自由主義和資本主義的時代已經結束了,民主制度已經過時了。左右兩翼的思想家都認為,自從英國</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1688</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年光榮革命以來,世界是以「自由」為旗幟的時代,而</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">自從</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1914</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年第一次大戰以來,世界已經變為以「組織」為旗幟了。當時,一些德國的國家至上的思想家說:「作為一種新的理想,『組織』必定戰勝『自由』。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在其他國家仍在個人主義制度下生活著的同時,我們已經獲得了組織的制度。」因此,左右兩翼都非常崇拜高度的組織化和集中化,認為這是解決當時自由主義制度</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">的困難和經濟危機的唯一辦法。特別是,在</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1929</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年,世界發生了嚴重的經濟蕭條,更加深了人們關於自由主義已經不能應付現代世界的印象。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在這樣種種背景下,法西斯主義應運而起。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">就其意識型態與政治目標而論,法西斯運動代表了近代歐洲所曾經歷的最強勁和型態上最激進的民族主義。其目標是創造一種新式的民族主義極權國家。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">法西斯主義的獨特性尤其表現於該運動之風格和組織方面。它主要強調集會、象徵、和政治表演之美學造型,特別是倚賴浪漫和神秘的面向。所有的法西斯運</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">動都嘗試達成群眾動員,政治關係和風格之軍事化,以及由群眾組成黨軍</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">(mass party militia)</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">之目標。和某些其他種類的激進分子不同,法西斯主義者熱衷於暴力,而且極為強調陽剛原則和男性支配。至於領導問題,法西斯運動則展現一種</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">趨於權威主義、卡裡斯瑪式、個人獨裁的風格〔德國國家社會主義的說法,即領袖原則【</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">fuhrerprinzip</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">】〕。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">激進的右翼團體可能具有部分法西斯主義的政治目標;同樣的,革命的左翼運動也顯出某些法西斯主義在風格上和組織上的特徵。法西斯主義以激進姿態拒絕</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">文化和經濟的保守主義、拒絕右派的社會菁英主義,拒絕國際主義。其歷史獨特性在於:具備所有〔而不僅是部分〕這些共同特徵的重要政治運動只存在於</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1919 </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">至</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1945</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年間的歐洲。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">法西斯主義者宣稱其代表全國的所有階級,特別是廣大的群眾。比較而言,法西斯運動的支持者最大部分乃是來自下層中產階級。因為下層中產階級世</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1920</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年代至</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1930</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年代間歐洲社會最大的階層之一,所以同樣的說法也可用於其他各種政治團體。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">只有墨索里尼〔</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1922</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">─</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1943</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">〕和希特勒〔</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1933</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">─</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1945</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">〕的法西斯運動建立了屬於它們自己的獨立政權,而且只有在後者的例子中該運動的領袖才獲得完全控制國家的權力。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">法西斯主義與共產主義雖然因為政治利益衝突而互相敵對,但他們雙方的行為方式是非常相象的,例如,絕不寬容異端。實行一元化,反對多元化,實施言論</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">管制,反對出版自由;實施極權統治,反對民主政治。堅決奉行以其人之道,還治其人之身的原則。崇拜暴力;崇拜組織;實行管制經濟,反對市場經濟;宣揚集體</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">主義,反對個人主義;只不過,法西斯主義推崇的是國家民族至上的集體主義,而共產主義推崇的是階級利益和政黨利益至上的集體主義。在所有以上這些方面,二者是雙胞胎</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">——</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">維妙維肖、異曲同工!而雙方都與自由主義格格不入。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> 1928</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年,北伐成功,國民政府在南京成立,並獲得廣泛的國際承認,實現了基本的全國統一。於是,中國獲得了自辛亥革命後第二次建設一個現代文明國家的歷史機會。但這個歷史機會,面臨著法西斯主義與共產主義的雙重挑戰。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-ascii-font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-font-family:LiSu; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW">反極權的政治自由主義</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適作為中國自由主義承前啟後的核心人物,他早期關注的重點,如前所述,主要是自由主義的本體哲學,即它的倫理基地:個人主義(</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">individualism</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">)及其方法論——實驗主義、懷疑主義、重估價值——等等。簡言之,其中心是強調個性獨立、實驗精神和負責任的態度。在他的後半生,則主要關注自由主義政治哲學,其中心傾斜到了政治自由的問題。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適自由主義思想的系統發揮是在二十世紀四十年代以後,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1941</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年胡適在美國發表《民主與極權的衝突》英文演講,提出民主與極權的兩大本質區別:漸進的與革命的,以個人為本位的與以整體為本位的。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1948</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">9</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月他又發表了題為《自由主義》的文章,很明顯,此時,他思考的焦點已經轉到自由主義的政治哲學上來了。他說:“我們現在講的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">"</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">自由</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">",</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">不是那種(中國式的)內心境界</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">, </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">我們現在說的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">"</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">自由</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">",</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">是不受外力拘束壓迫的權利。是在某一方面的生活不受外力限制束縛的權利。”這就是政治自由。他感慨的是在近代歷史上,“東方自由主義運動始終沒有抓住政治自由的特殊重要性</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">所以始終沒有走上建設民主政治的路子。西方的自由主義絕大貢獻正在這一點</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">……”。他列舉了各種近代民主制度的創設均與東方人無緣,指出“世界只有安格羅撒克遜民族在七百年中逐漸發展出好幾種民主政治的方式與制度</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">這些制度可以用在小國</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">也可以用在大國。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">(1)</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">代議政治</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">起源很早</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">但史家指一二九五年為正式起始。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">(2)</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">成文憲</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">最早的一二一五年的大憲章</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">近代的是美國憲法</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> (</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">一七八七)。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">(3</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">)無記名投票</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">(</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">政府預備選舉票</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">票上印各黨候選人的姓名</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">選民秘密填記</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">)</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">是一八五六年</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">South Australia</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">(澳洲南部)最早採用的。自由主義在這兩百年的演進史上</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">還有一個特殊的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">空前的政治意義</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">就是容忍反對黨</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">保障少數人的自由權利。”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適指明:“總結起來,自由主義的第一個意義是自由,第二個意義是民主,第三個意義是容忍——容忍反對黨</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">第四個意義是和平的漸進改革。”他提到”容忍”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">時,特別指出“自由主義在這兩百年的演進史上</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">還有一個特殊的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">空前的政治意義</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">就是容忍反對黨</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">保障少數人的自由權利。向來政治鬥爭不是東風壓了西風</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">, </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">就是西風壓了東風</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">被壓的人是沒有好日子過的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">但近代西方的民主政治卻漸漸養成了一種容忍異己的度量與風氣。”這就與魯迅先生的“決不寬恕一人”形成了顯著的對比。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">二十世紀對自由主義最重大的挑戰,一是共產主義,一是法西斯主義。而共產主義的挑戰比法西斯主義更為持久,更為深廣。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">共產主義是從十九世紀下半葉在歐洲興起的社會主義思潮思潮中的極端思潮,而其中馬克思主義是影響最大的派別。表面上,馬克思主義似乎是民主自由的進一步發展,即從政治平等發展到經濟平等。它的核心是要消滅私有財產,消滅階級,最後通過無產階級專政實現世界大同,即從社會主義到共產主義。馬克思用了一套黑格爾哲學的方式來表述他的思想體</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">系,認為人類社會必然會經過</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">——</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">原始社會、奴隸社會、封建社會、資本主義社會、社會主義共產主義社會</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">——</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">這五個階段的辯證發展。最後的共產主義實質上就是</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">天國的降臨,當然,馬克思就成了先知,而無產階級則是上帝的選民了。雖然,馬克思與恩格斯所寫的《共產黨宣言》極有鼓動力量;雖然,馬克思主義宣稱他把社</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">會主義科學化了,但深入冷靜地考察,無論從理論上還是實踐上,它都不過是一個獨斷的信仰體系,一個現代的烏托邦而已。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">然而,當年,它卻以它那種充滿激情的要消除社會不公的道德力量感染了很多人,也以它那種龐大的黑格爾式的理論體系征服了不少知識份子,滿足了他們的道德上</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">和智力上的要求,因此它發展成了一股重要的政治力量,成了挑戰現行代議制民主體制和自由主義秩序的主要意識形態。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">但諷刺的是,共產主義革命並沒有在馬克思念念有詞的發達資本主義國家英國、德國出現,而是在不發達的落後的俄國發生的。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> 1917</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">3</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月,第一次世界大戰消耗了俄國的國力,削弱了沙皇政府。於是,自由主義者、社會主義者、商人、軍人、貴族都想推翻它。但是,這個政府卻垮在奉命解散大罷工的衛戍部隊的一次嘩變中。那時,沙皇尼古拉二世在外地,他聞訊後,急於想趕回首都彼得堡,但半路遭鐵路工人阻攔,於是,只好在</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">3</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">15</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">日宣佈</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">退位。這時,政權就轉移到國家杜馬</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">(</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">國會</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">)</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">中著名的政治家所組成的臨時政府手中了。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">但是,當時,還有另一個力量中心,即,工人和士兵代表蘇維埃,他們中的激進領袖宣稱信仰馬克思主義。它領導著全國各地的蘇維埃。開初,兩個「權力中心」的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">不穩定並不明顯,並且蘇維埃中的溫和派如孟什維克和社會民主黨領袖們還在</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">5</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月參加了臨時政府,連布爾什維克起先也給予政府以有限的支持。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">然而,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1917</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">4</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月,當列寧從德國回到彼得堡後,情況發生了根本的轉變。他說,整個歐洲都面臨社會主義革命,所以馬克思主義者應當推翻臨時政府,把一切權力歸</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">於蘇維埃。於是,他們以停止</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">(</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">世界大戰的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">)</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">戰爭,要求和平、土地和麵包為口號,動員了許多工人和士兵。這樣,在列寧和托洛茨基領導下,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">11</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">7</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">日</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">(</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">俄曆</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> 10</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">25</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">日</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">)</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">,布爾什維克發動叛亂,炮打冬宮,武裝攻擊臨時政府,逮捕了政府官員,以蘇維埃的名義奪取了政權。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">那時,他們的政權很不穩定。當戰爭中的敵國</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">—</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">德國要求俄國以割讓領土為條件換取和平時,大多數人不願投降。當時,列寧為了鞏固政權,與德國簽訂了割讓土地的布列斯特</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">——</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">立托夫斯克條約,又秘密殺死了沙皇一家人。穩住了他的馬克思主義政權。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">從此,俄國歷史上的一個新時期開始了。並且,世界歷史上也第一次出現了一個依照馬克思主義作為國家意識形態的政權,由共產黨行使絕對的權力,構成了對民主和自由主義的歷史性挑戰,即,憲政民主制度誕生以來最大最嚴重的挑戰。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">蘇聯的這種社會主義</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">-</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">共產主義試驗曾經被認為代表了人類未來,當時吸引了許多知識份子,胡適本人也曾去蘇聯考察過。胡適的一些朋友包括研究國際法的專家周綆生先生,對蘇聯這個樣板都抱有熱切的希望。但胡適並不如此,他特意撰寫了《我們必須堅持我們的方向》、《關於國際形勢裡的兩個問題——致周綆生先生的一封信》兩文來闡述自己對蘇聯的不同看法,對蘇聯的非民主制度提出批評。他預測到“戰後的蘇聯可能是一個很可怕的侵略勢力”。余英時先生指出:胡適“在</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1947</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年的中國公開宣稱以蘇聯為首的集團是歷史上‘一個小小的逆流’,更是一個膽大包天的舉動,如果沒有絕對的自信是不可能說這句話的。但是</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> 1989</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年東歐國家的全面崩潰、蘇聯的遽速變革……竟證實了他在</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">42</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年前的觀察,胡適似乎成為一個‘偉大的先知’了。”這表現了胡適的遠見及其信念穿透歷史的卓越力量。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適的人權理論與實踐</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適所以能清醒透徹地看穿蘇俄集團的反自由特質,他所主要依憑的,是自由主義的核心概念之一:人權。在</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">20</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">世紀三十年代的中國,曾經有過一次關於人權的激烈論戰。這次論戰,是由胡適於</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1929</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年發表于《新月》雜誌上《人權與約法》一文引起的。隨後他又發表《我們什麼時候才可有憲法—對於建國大綱的疑問》、《知難,行亦不易—孫中山先生的“行易知難”說述評》、《新文化運動與國民黨》等。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1930</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月胡適、羅隆基、梁實秋三人有關人權問題的文章結集為《人權論集》交新月書店出版,後被國民黨政府查禁。通過這些著作與活動,順理成章地,胡適成為論戰中捍衛人權的中心人物。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">這場討論的參與者對人權的概念、性質、範疇以及人權與法治、人權與憲政等問題作了廣泛深入的探討。這場人權討論肇因於對國民黨政權違反人權行為的抗爭,但其意義遠遠超出這一具體的維權活動,實際上演變成為一場具有深遠影響的人權啟蒙運動。此前,對於“人權”這一自由主義的核心概念,中國知識界和文化界中系統瞭解甚少,即使知道一些也比較浮泛,國民普遍缺乏人權觀念。通過這場討論,胡適、梁實秋、特別是羅隆基,以通俗的文章與演講將人權觀念推向社會,對於增強國人的人權意識起到了重要作用。以胡適為代表的新月派在二十世紀中國思想界遂成為人權意識的代表。不幸的是,此後的中日戰爭和國共內戰淹沒了這一重大課題。直至</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1949</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年中國人的人權遭到全面褫奪若干年後的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1980</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年代,人們才從塵封多年的歷史檔案中窺見到當年的人權先驅們的卓越努力及其成就。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適的人權思想概括起來不外乎兩點:一曰伸張人權;二曰主張法治。正如其《人權與約法》一文標題所表明,以法治保人權可以說是胡適人權思想的全部主張。人權與法治,這是中國在走向政治文明的過程中屢次被失落的主題,也可以說它仍將是</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">21</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">世紀中國社會所面臨的基本問題。胡適的文章一下子就抓住百年主題,這是胡適對中國問題長期思索的結晶。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">中國傳統中缺乏權利意識,因此,無論滿清皇朝還是民國肇始,在社會上,統治者意識形態的“異端”或不同於多數人的“少數”,是談不到任何權利的。以皇權至高無上為理由或以多數人的專政為藉口,凡是被認定為鎮壓物件的“逆賊”、“反革命分子”、“敵人”、“反動分子”等,其人權公然可以被肆意踐踏。不給反對派以人權,這在中國社會似乎已是天經地義之事。這種野蠻意識長期流行通暢無阻,正是中國社會踐踏人權的真正深層原因。在</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">20 </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">世紀的諸多中國思想家中,首先是胡適犀利地指出了這一點。在該問題上,胡適的主張同當時國共兩黨的意識形態是完全不同的。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">他的基本主張是,無論一個人的身份如何、政治主張如何、宗教信仰如何,無論是王公貴族還是平民百姓,無論是“革命黨”還是‘反動分子’‘土豪劣紳’‘共党嫌疑’,無論是守法公民還是在押囚犯,只要是人,就應享有基本人權,不容褫奪。就應享有人的尊嚴,不容侮辱。而當時的國民黨和後來的共產黨,雖然雙方激烈對抗攻擊,但卻享有共同的特點:否定有普遍的人權概念,肆意踐踏對方的基本人權。只要是敵對者、失敗者,就必然喪失人權保障。身體可以受侮辱,自由可以完全被剝奪,財產可以任意宰製。只要是發表異端見解的書報,就是‘反動刊物’,統統禁止。當然,共產黨更是變本加厲,連人權這一概念都成為禁忌,在中共統治下,一般人,甚至中共的自己人,都朝不保夕,時時生活在恐懼之中,遑論敵對分子和思想異端者了。毛澤東時代,那是一個中國人徹徹底底被剝奪了人權的時代。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">當年,由於胡適成為人權保障的中流砥柱</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">導致廣大反響。他對於孫中山學說中的獨裁主義成份,胡適最早產生疑問。胡適以勇敢挑戰的姿態指出:“我們要問,憲法與訓政有什麼不能相容之點,……我們不信無憲法可以訓政;無憲法的訓政只是專政。”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">[11]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適批評孫中山晚年“對於一般民眾參政的能力,很有點懷疑。”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">[12]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">實際上孫中山晚年不僅懷疑民眾的參政能力,而且以民權之名否定人權,以集體主義否定個人主義,從思想深處轉向獨裁主義。中國本來就是一個人權觀念稀缺的國度,晚清才引入這一觀念,還遠沒有在這塊古老土地上生根。孫中山提出了</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">民權</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">這個概念,並將民權主義作為他的三民主義之</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">一。但他說的民權與人權並不是同一回事。他在《三民主義》講演中明確指出,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">民權就是人民的政治力量</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">他進一步解釋:</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">有管理眾人之事的力量,便是政權。今以人民管理政事,便叫做民權。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">(孫中山全集第九卷,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">254—255</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">頁)他心目中的民權,並不是每個</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">人與生俱來的權利、自由與尊嚴,這與法國大革命時代《人權和公民權宣言》所確立的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在權利方面,人們生來是而且始終是自由平等的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">、</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">任何政治結合的目的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">都在於保護人的自然的和不可動搖的權利</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">,與《世界人權宣言》所確認的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">人人生而自由,在尊嚴和權利上一律平等</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">、</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">人人有權享有生命、自由和人身安全</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">” </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">這些基本準則,有著很大的距離。孫中山只是從政權的角度提出民權,並不具備真正的人權意識</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family:SimSun;mso-bidi-font-family:SimSun;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在憲政法治外空談民權,離個人人權而言民權。這種所謂民權主義同胡適的自由主義思想是根本對立的。加上國民黨政府利用孫中山學說公然推行“上帝可以否定,但孫中山不許批評”的文化專制主義,致使胡適不得不對孫中山的學說本身提出挑戰。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">除了對國民黨政策和孫中山學說不滿外,直接引起胡適大聲疾呼人權和法治的導火線是當時發生的幾件事情。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">一是所謂“嚴厲處置反革命分子案”。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1929</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">3</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">26</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">日上海各報登出消息,說國民黨上海特別市黨部主任和宣傳部部長陳德征提出一個“嚴厲處置反革命分子案”。該提案提醒人們警惕“反革命”活動,並將“一切反對三民主義的人”視為“反革命分子”。為了鎮壓“反革命分子”,法院不必拘泥證據。“凡經省黨部及特別黨部書面證明為反革命分子者,法院或其它法定之受理機關應以反革命罪處分之。”陳德征的這一提案為國民黨法西斯專政大開方便之門。只要党說誰是反革命分子,誰就是反革命分子。法院對於此類案子,不須審問,只憑黨組織一紙證明,便須定罪處刑。“嚴厲處置反革命分子”的這一提案激怒了胡適。他看到提案後忍不住給當時任司法院長的王寵惠寫信,問他對此提案有何感想。在這封公開信裡,胡適對國民黨破壞法律程式和根本否認法治的現象提出了抗義。他責問道:“在世界法制史上,不知在哪一世紀哪一個文明民族曾經有這樣一種辦法,筆之於書立為制度的嗎</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">?</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">”胡適將此信稿送國聞通訊社發表。但幾天後得知信稿已被檢查新聞的官員扣去,未能刊出。這就更加激怒了胡適。他憤怒地表示:“這封信是我親自負責署名的,不知道一個公民為什麼不可以負責發表對於國家問題的討論”。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">一是安徽大學學長被禁案。該學長只因語言頂撞了蔣介石,便被拘禁多天。其家人朋友只能到處奔走求情,而不能去法院控告任國民黨政府主席的蔣介石。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">二是唐山商人楊潤普被軍隊拷打案。楊被當地駐軍拘去拷打,遍體鱗傷,商會代表集體求情也無效。此事還是在國民黨政府公佈人權保障令後十一天后發生的。這兩件事表明,上至國民政府主席下至地方駐軍軍管,隨意侵害人權,何嘗受到法律制裁。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">面對國民黨政府無法無天肆意踐踏人權的做法,胡適滿腔悲憤地痛籲:“人權在哪裡</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">?</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">法治在哪裡</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">?</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">”通過對上述國民黨政府侵害人權事件的揭露和分析,胡適指出人權的保障與實行法治是分不開的。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">因此胡適本人亦遭到迫害。國民黨江蘇省黨部曾以顛覆罪要求正式逮捕胡適。但由於胡適享有很高的社會威望,遂而免遭逮捕。然而其中國公學校長一職因此被罷免,《新月》雜誌也遭查禁。有鑑於此,他成了中國人權的象徵性人物,更是中國自由主義的核心人物。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適與臺灣民主化</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:LiSu;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">以胡適為代表的自由主義是產生了實際政治後果的,這就是臺灣的民主化。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:9.0pt"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">右翼威權主義國家的民主轉化。其中,臺灣是一個典型範例。其中,胡適及一批自由主義知識份子,起了推波助瀾的作用。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">中國國民政府在內戰失敗,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1949</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年退守臺灣之後,通過動員戡亂時期臨時條款和戒嚴法,實施了相當嚴厲的威權主義統治。在政治上,審查新聞媒體,嚴禁反對黨出現,時松時緊地鎮壓異議人士。因此時常受到國際輿論的批評與壓力。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">雖然國民黨控制新聞與出版,但是,它與左翼極權仍有兩點重要的不同:首先,它的法律保障私有財產,這就為市場經濟提供了基礎;政府並通過出口導向政策和留學政策,使其經濟體系</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">和社會日益國際化。第二,從遷台之日起,臺灣即存在選舉。雖然從</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1950</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">至</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1969</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年這</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">20</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年間,臺灣選舉只到省議員和縣市長層次,中央選舉是凍結的,因</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">而不會影響國民黨的執政地位。但這種選舉具有合法地集結反對派政治力量作用,同時具有整合中央與地方菁英的功能。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">臺灣的反對派力量很早就開始了民主奮鬥,他們有兩條基本的成長線索:辦刊與參選。一條側重理念,另一條側重實踐。一條走菁英化路線,以自由主義知識份子為主;另一條則是走草根路線,以有志實際從政者為主。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在刊物方面,早在臺灣蔣介石統治臺灣的初期,一份自由主義色彩鮮明的雜誌《自由中國》雜誌於一九四九年十一月二十號就創刊了。雷震先生為主編。當時,胡適雖然人在美國,但他是該刊的發行人和精神領袖。於是。在五十年代,以《自由中國》為核心,集合了一批自由主義知識份子,胡適一直和《自由中國》同仁保持著密切聯繫,常常對他的編輯方針提出建議,並且在雜誌遭到困難的時候,利用自己的影響與上層關係,設法為之緩頰。該刊抨擊時政,力倡言論自由,從五七年開始雜誌就推出</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">15</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">篇系列社論,總題是中國的問題,以</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">"</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">反對黨問題</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">"</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">作為總結,並作為中國問題的樞紐。《自由中國》鮮明地提出,反對黨問題是解決一切問題的關鍵所在。這個問題就是胡適挑出來的。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適自美國返台以後,在《自由中國》的歡迎宴會上發表演說,主張知識份子出來組織一個不以取得政權為目標的在野黨。隨後《自由中國》馬上發表了</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">"</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">積極開展新黨運動</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">"</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">的社論。雷震並宣佈在</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1960</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">9</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月底成立</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">中國民主黨</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">9</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">4</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">日,雷震被捕,被判處十年徒刑。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">中國民主黨</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">流</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">產,雜誌夭折。這就是著名的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">自由中國事件</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">。雖然如此,自由的火種已經深深植根於臺灣知識界,這是胡適對中國的民主包括臺灣的民主的轉化的重大貢獻。胡適去世之後,臺灣的反對黨運動經歷了曲折艱難的歷程,終於在</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1986</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年反對黨正式合法化。這實際上是胡適開啟的道路的延續和發展,這一歷史流程與胡適早年的精神啟蒙是割不斷的。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">當年,中國共產黨有意把胡適醜化成似乎像蔣介石的奴才。事實上,他跟蔣介石之間的矛盾是實質性的,對蔣介石的批評是非常嚴峻的,而且是當眾批評。一九五八年胡適就任中央研究院院長一職,蔣介石前來恭賀他。他卻一再說總統錯了,當時氣得蔣介石臉都變色了。他作為一個獨立自主的學人,從來沒有向政治權威低過頭。譬如,《自由中國》主編雷震于一九六0年八月宣佈要在九月底之前成立中國民主黨,九月四日雷震就被逮捕,並被判處十年徒刑。當時遠在美國的胡適,立即在九月四日當天,向行政院長陳誠發出電文,指責</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">"</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">國府此舉甚不明智,政府畏懼並挫折反對派運動,必將蒙摧殘言論自由之惡名,恐將貽笑世界</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">"</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">。這些事實都說明胡適是做了事的,而不是像一些傳言所說的那樣害怕了退縮了。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">上述嚴厲的政治氣氛持續了十年左右,由於</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1971</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年之後臺灣的國際處境風雨飄搖,第二波獨立於官方的刊物如《文星》、《大學雜誌》、《臺灣政論》、</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">《八十年代》、《美麗島》等又陸續出現。它們要求政治、經濟、社會改革。這導致蔣經國提出本土化改革,即所謂</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">向內的合法化</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">運動。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在選舉方面,前已說過,它具有合法地集合政治力量作用。相對於控制嚴厲的非選舉時期,選舉期間成為比較寬鬆的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">民主假期</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">。由於不能成立反對黨,當選的非國民黨人士就被稱為</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">黨外</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">,而通過選舉過程集結的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">黨外</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">,實際上變成一個准政黨。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> 1978</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年,增額中央民代改選,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">黨外</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">開始正式組織化,以巡迴助選團到臺灣各地大串聯,並發表</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">12</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">條共同政見:要求開放黨禁、報禁、解嚴、國會全面改選、省市長民選、司法獨立、軍隊中立等。並獲得臺灣逐步興起的中產階級的支持。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> 1979</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">5</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">月《美麗島》雜誌社成立,其組織方式其實就是一個沒有名稱的政黨。這導致國民黨政府鎮壓,《美麗島》雜誌社的重要成員全部被審入獄。政權的合法化進程倒退。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">但是,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">黨外</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">並未因此消失。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">80</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年底,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">黨外</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">入獄者的家屬參加選舉,高票當選。國際支持日隆。震撼當局。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">1981</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">年地方選舉,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">黨外</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">中央民意代表在縣市推薦人選出戰,獲得極出色的成績。從此,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">“</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">黨外</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW">”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">以准政黨式的室內集會以及議會改革為主線了。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">在這種情勢下,當局意識到,鎮壓除了能暫時免除了對自己壟斷權力的威脅外,並不能消滅反對運動,徒然增加社會與政權的兩極對立,喪失統治合法性,受</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">到國際孤立。即是說,鎮壓手段的代價已經比寬容要大得多,於是他們開始考慮調整與民間社會的關係了。其核心,就是統治集團如何把反對力量吸納入政治體制內</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">的問題。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">有鑑於此,歷史之輪開始向這個方向滾動,以至於一發而不可收拾,最終抵達其“應許之地”——憲政民主的美麗島。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">回溯上述,不難看出,臺灣之所以能夠走民主化的今日,跟胡適為代表的這樣一群知識份子的風格有相當的關係。他們是偉大的先驅者。而在海峽對岸的大陸,一直到八十年代,胡適都是一個遙遠的模糊的妖魔化的存在,大陸民眾甚至學界對之都都很隔膜。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">但是,歷史畢竟是不可能永久遮蔽的。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適在中國思想文化學術界的影響,是把一種久經考驗的具有普遍性的思想深入淺出地表達出來。這是一項很了不起的才能。從長遠的影響來看,從正確性看,從與人性的黏結程度看,胡適在歷史上,就對中國思想的影響而言,要超越陳獨秀與魯迅。若論及胡魯二位,這裡特別想指出,胡適是比較有建設性的,其思想相當健康。而魯迅,基本上只有否定性,只是挖中國社會的黑暗面。而魯迅在晚年思想逐漸左傾化,這一點實際上和中國後來的政治社會的悲劇發展有一定的關係。魯迅誠然比較深刻,他對中國社會的黑暗面,極其痛恨,但是由於過於偏激,且受到共產主義的影響以後,恐怕對中國的知識界的影響,就不完全是正面的,有時候,甚至是負面的,這使他在晚年一度走入歧途。魯迅在近代中國的否定性思潮中,佔有很高的位置。但這種否定思潮後來流於一種虛無主義了。胡適給中國指出的路,像民主與科學,自由主義,是經得起考驗的,這方面他的貢獻無人能出其右。若僅有破壞而無建設來平衡,最後造成的結果,就是一片廢墟。簡單說,魯迅的思想很難作為一個建設社會的主流思想,或者說作為一個建設法治社會的主體思想。而胡適的思想則可以說和整個世界的文明潮流融合。比如胡適對自由主義的基本價值,關於人權,關於法治,關於民主,關於自由,他一生都堅守不渝。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"> <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">胡適的基本形像,如果從人品學品兩個方面說,他基本上是現代自由主義、理性精神、平實見解和寬容胸襟的代表。這樣一種基本象徵,對中國,不管是學術文化界包括對政治社會生活恐怕都是相當重要的。自由主義跟其它意識形態根本不一樣的,在於它基本上只是一種生活方式,不是一套嚴格的形上學的理念,而且以自由主義為根基確立的憲政體系,是對其他任何意識形態都開放的。因此在這一意義上,自由主義具有對意識形態的超越性。這個在中國現代是很重要的。所以今天在中國提倡自由主義,是努力要讓它變成一個普遍的態度,就是說個人的自由應該受到保障,但我也不被允許侵犯別人的自由,整個社會用法治來保障這種自由,杜絕人權侵犯。而這正是胡適當年身體力行的。所以,有關胡適思想與人格的研究,不單是為胡適進行個人申冤的問題,更重要的是攸關中國的未來。對中國人來說,特別是中國知識界來說,胡適先生的命運,他在中國的地位,必須有一個撥亂反正式的澄明。簡言之,當代中國國民人格建設的任務,在某種意義上,就就是胡適精神的普遍化。</span></span><span 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priority="62" name="Light Grid Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="63" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="64" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="65" name="Medium List 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="66" name="Medium List 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="67" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="68" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="69" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="70" name="Dark List Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="71" name="Colorful Shading Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="72" name="Colorful List Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="73" name="Colorful Grid Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="60" name="Light Shading Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="61" name="Light List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="62" name="Light Grid Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="63" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="64" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="65" name="Medium List 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="66" name="Medium List 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="67" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="68" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="69" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="70" name="Dark List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="71" name="Colorful Shading Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="72" name="Colorful List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="73" name="Colorful Grid Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="19" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="21" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="31" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="32" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="33" qformat="true" name="Book Title" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="37" semihidden="true" unhidewhenused="true" name="Bibliography" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="39" semihidden="true" unhidewhenused="true" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="41" name="Plain Table 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="42" name="Plain Table 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="43" name="Plain Table 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="44" name="Plain Table 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="45" name="Plain Table 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="40" name="Grid Table Light" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="Grid Table 1 Light" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="Grid Table 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="Grid Table 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="Grid Table 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="Grid Table 5 Dark" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="Grid Table 6 Colorful" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="Grid Table 7 Colorful" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="List Table 1 Light" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="List Table 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="List Table 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="List Table 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="List Table 5 Dark" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="List Table 6 Colorful" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="List Table 7 Colorful" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="List Table 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="List Table 3 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="List Table 4 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="List Table 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="List Table 3 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="List Table 4 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="List Table 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="List Table 3 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="List Table 4 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="List Table 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="List Table 3 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="List Table 4 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="List Table 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="List Table 3 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="List Table 4 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="List Table 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="List Table 3 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="List Table 4 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" semihidden="true" unhidewhenused="true" name="Mention" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" semihidden="true" unhidewhenused="true" name="Smart Hyperlink" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" semihidden="true" unhidewhenused="true" name="Hashtag" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" semihidden="true" unhidewhenused="true" name="Unresolved Mention" /> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]–><!–[if gte mso 10]> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} <![endif]–>