<div> <img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2019/Mar/326201926-5.jpg" width="650" height="365" alt="" /></div><div><span style="color: #666666; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">北京西单民主墙(1979年1月2日)</span></div><div> </div><div><span style="box-sizing: inherit; text-transform: uppercase; float: left; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">华盛顿 — </span><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">1979年3月25日，北京西单民主墙上出现一张大字报《要民主还是要新的独裁》。作者是时年28岁的北京动物园电工魏京生。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">“如果人民连自由发表意见的权利——言论自由都没有，哪里还谈得上什么民主？”</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">“任何想换取人民无限信任的个人，无一例外地都是野心家。”</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">“人民必须警惕邓小平蜕化为独裁者。”</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">这篇3000多字的檄文用词尖锐，充满不敬，指名道姓地批评邓小平正在走一条独裁道路。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">四天后，魏京生被捕。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">40年后，这位流亡美国的中国知名异见人士在华盛顿市郊的家中接受了美国之音的专访。魏京生说，当年写那篇文章前，他已经得到内部消息， 邓小平打算镇压民主墙。</p><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;"></div><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;"><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 649.774px;"><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><twitter-widget id="twitter-widget-0" data-tweet-id="1110348601958502400" style="box-sizing: inherit; 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overflow: hidden !important; width: 1px !important; height: 1px !important; padding: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px) !important;"></div><p dir="ltr" style="padding: 0px; list-style: none; border: none; white-space: pre-wrap; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word; direction: ltr;">流亡美国的中国知名异见人士魏京生在北京西单民主墙上出现大字报《要民主还是要新的独裁》40年之际在华盛顿市郊的家中接受了美国之音的专访。魏京生说，当年写那篇文章前，他已经得到内部消息， 邓小平打算镇压民主墙。 <a href="https://t.co/KDxNBiF8Tz" rel="nofollow noopener" dir="ltr" data-expanded-url="https://goo.gl/nY4eGB" target="_blank" title="https://goo.gl/nY4eGB" data-scribe="element:url" style=" color: #2b7bb9; text-decoration-line: none; outline: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute !important; overflow: hidden !important; width: 1px !important; height: 1px !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px) !important;">https://</span>goo.gl/nY4eGB </a></p><div style="display: flex; margin-top: 3.2px; font-size: 14px;"><div><a title="Like" href="https://twitter.com/intent/like?tweet_id=1110348601958502400" data-scribe="component:actions" style=" color: #2b7bb9; 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padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">“那时候我事先得到消息了。公安部那帮孩子传来的消息，说公安部制定了两个名单，送邓小平去批，大的名单是80多个人，小的名单是36个人，”他说，“ 36个人一抓，这民主墙也就没了，抓的都是头儿嘛。共产党很懂这个，擒贼先擒王。”</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">魏京生告诉美国之音，当时他做好了掉脑袋的准备。唯一的希望是，自己被捕后，各方的反弹能够延缓当局进一步镇压，让民主墙多存活一些时日。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">于是，他和一起创办地下刊物《探索》的几位同伴做了一个决定——引火烧身。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">魏京生说：“因为我知道邓小平的性格。我父亲很多老战友都是跟邓小平有这关系、那关系的（魏京生出生于北京一个共产党高级干部家庭），从小我就听说很多邓小平的事情。邓小平这个人有天生的自卑感。所以他对于批评他的事、侮辱他的事，反应特别快而且特别强烈。 所以我就想到这个，咱们也来个引蛇出洞。</p><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;"><figure style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 649.774px; position: relative;"><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 0px;"><img alt="北京西单民主墙(1979年1月6日)" src="https://gdb.voanews.com/F64C6B89-F59C-4CB4-BD4F-69E665AC0C11_w650_r0_s.jpg" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: auto; width: 649.774px; cursor: pointer;" /></div></div><figcaption style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #666666; font-size: 14px; padding-top: 8px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px;">北京西单民主墙(1979年1月6日)</span></figcaption></figure></div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">邓小平果然上钩了。我写了一篇文章点他的名，说邓小平要独裁。那篇文章一个是刺激了邓小平，一个是提醒了党内的老干部，因为当时很多的老干部是刚刚从监狱出来不久，他们对中共毛泽东时代的无法无天非常反感。他们第一是要建立法制，第二个想法就是不能再有一个独裁者了，否则大家谁也受不了。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">我一点他名，党内也有很多人反对他。这些老干部的反应、国际社会的反应、国内老百姓的反应，对邓小平构成了很大的压力，最后我这命还是保下来了，虽然判得很重。”</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">1979年10月，北京市中级人民法院以“反革命罪”判处魏京生15年徒刑。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">魏京生回忆说，法官宣判时，他的身子摇晃了一下，旁边的法警赶紧过来扶住他，对他说：“老魏，挺住。”</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">“他们不知道，我那是高兴啊，我活下来了，”魏京生乐了。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">魏京生说，他的案子成为中国司法界一个分水岭的事件，从那以后，中国的政治犯没有判过死刑。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">说到政治犯，魏京生想到在监狱里，他曾和一位当局派来监视他的刑事犯有过这样一段对话：</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">“那是个强奸幼女犯，农村的，没什么文化。有一次他跟我叨叨，你们这些政治犯，警察怎么都对你们那么客气。 我说，你知道什么叫政治犯啊？他没读过书，不认字。他说，我知道，我们刑事犯都是为了自己得好处伤害别人，你们政治犯都是为了别人得好处伤害自己。”</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">魏京生说，这是他听到过的“全世界最标准的政治犯定义”。</p><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;"><figure style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 649.774px; position: relative;"><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 0px;"><img alt="北京西单民主墙(1979年1月)" src="https://gdb.voanews.com/26463507-0643-4BA2-A0E5-13504F122377_w650_r0_s.jpg" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: auto; width: 649.774px; cursor: pointer;" /></div></div><figcaption style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #666666; font-size: 14px; padding-top: 8px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px;">北京西单民主墙(1979年1月)</span></figcaption></figure></div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">1979年，华盛顿研究中国问题的学者苏葆立（Robert Suettinger）第一次来到中国。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">“西方汉学家们有个说法，中国的改革在偶数年顺畅，奇数年倒退。我是在奇数年来到中国的，”他说。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">几个月前，在魏京生基金会主办的一场纪念民主墙运动40周年的活动上， 苏葆立回忆说，1976年6月，在中央情报局做分析员的他被派驻美国驻华使馆。刚到北京不久，大使馆就让他去民主墙看看。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">在苏葆立的印象里，那时的北京城很大，交通落后。他蹬着一辆飞鸽牌自行车，穿过灰尘弥漫的街巷，一路骑到西单。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">“那是我真正认识北京老百姓的起点，” 苏葆立这样评价民主墙运动。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">他说，北京的老百姓对这位出现在民主墙的外国人很好奇，都想凑过来看看他在本子上记什么。人群中也有一些看起来和老百姓很不一样，穿着浆得笔挺的白衬衫、黑裤子，戴着镶银边的茶色眼镜。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">“我知道他们是谁，”苏葆立说，这些共产党的安全官员不仅凑过来看他的笔记，还尾随他一路回到美国大使馆。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">“对我来说，这一切都非常激动人心，尽管我知道共产党想要消灭民主墙，想要让人们气馁，但是人们并不害怕表达他们的观点，不害怕被人发现，” 他说，“民主之光在退去，但还在闪耀。”</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">到了1979年底，民主墙的生存空间几乎被当局碾压殆尽。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">苏葆立说，那时候，他和一些关注中国民主运动的人依然希望，魏京生们所表达的民主、自由观点能持续下去。在胡耀邦、赵紫阳时代，似乎曾闪现过这样的希望，但显然，这并非邓小平心中的改革。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">“因此尽管今天邓小平在美国被誉为一位改革者，事实上，他给中国改革造成的弊大于利，”他说。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">苏葆立说，今天的北京处处透着富有、成功、现代。再回北京，他一定找不到当年从美国大使馆骑车去西单的路了。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">但是有些东西没有变，他说，40年前魏京生和他的朋友们呼吁改变的那个政党没有变，它依然没有成为一个倾听人民心声和需求的政党。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">1979年苏葆立第一次去中国。他说，那是让他印象最深刻的一次中国之行。在那之后，中国变成了一个更加不民主、不自由的地方。</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: NSimSun, SimSun, PMingLiU, Arial, Helvetica, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">“我怀念民主墙，”他说。</p> </div>