<h1><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2019/May/5152019TT.jpg" width="660" height="371" alt="" /><br /></h1><div property="articleBody" style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 53.7656px 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;"><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px -54.2188px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">GETTY IMAGES</span></span></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中美贸易战的议题，已从2018年美国中期选举，延伸至2019年特朗普开始准备竞选连任的语境之中。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5月10日，美国将2000亿美元中国商品的关税税率上调到25%，此后几天，贸易战成为攻击政敌的武器，被特朗普反复提及。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">特朗普在5月11日的推文中称，“我认为中国觉得他们在最近的谈判中被打得太惨，所以他们还不如等到2020年下次大选，看看自己是否运气好，等到一个民主党人获胜，这样就可以继续每年坑美国5000亿美元。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">特朗普还直接点名民主党对手拜登（Joe Biden），称中国做梦都想让拜登或者其他人在2020年当选。共和党主席罗娜·麦克丹尼尔（Ronna McDaniel）也表示，“当拜登还是副总统时，让中国堂而皇之地作弊，现在他还在天真地忽视中国。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">去年11月的美国中期选举前，特朗普团队也有类似指责。当时，美国白宫国家经济委员会主任库德洛在去年8月时称，“习近平似乎认为等过了11月的中期选举，特朗普会变弱，进而减轻（贸易打击）。这是个很糟糕的赌博。”并透露6月开始中美双方就一直没有展开对话。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">11月中期选举之后，特朗普和习近平于12月在阿根廷会面，才决定重启谈判。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">选举临近，中国议题再次被特朗普用作武器，但分析人士称，贸易战既可以成为特朗普赢得大选的决胜筹码，也可能演化成他的弱点，关键取决于贸易协议达成的时机和力度。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/35F7/production/_106851831_china_us_trade_charts_chinese_640-ncstock-markets.png" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/35F7/production/_106851831_china_us_trade_charts_chinese_640-ncstock-markets.png" alt="股票市场" width="640" height="600" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 616.203px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in 0s; display: block;" /></span></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">筹码：</strong><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">扮演</strong><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">对华强硬派</strong></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">不同于此前贸易谈判时坐地起价，以及与金正恩会谈时突然离席，特朗普一度给人感觉希望与中国尽快达成协议——4月特朗普就暗示会尽快与习近平在海湖庄园会晤，签订最终协议；5月，即便在10日突然上调税率后，他在13日依然表示将在6月底日本G20峰会期间与习近平会晤。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">此前他还称时机成熟时美国会与中国达成一项协议，并表示，发生的时间“会比人们认为的快得多”。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">特朗普急于把贸易战的成果转化为自己的政绩。凯源资本董事总经理陆修泉（Brock Silvers）称，特朗普当选时的承诺之一就是重新考量现有的贸易关系，并对中国采取更强硬立场，能否顺利兑现承诺对他争取连任非常重要。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">实际上，这次打乱谈判进程的是中国。路透社援引消息人士表示，中国在贸易协议草案七个章节的每一章中，删除了将修法以解决美国主要关切问题的承诺，这些内容涉及窃取美国知识产权和商业机密、强制技术转让等。这一行为破坏美国的核心诉求，也导致谈判陷入停滞。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/EBAB/production/_100713306_gettyimages-139077754.jpg" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/EBAB/production/_100713306_gettyimages-139077754.jpg" alt="习近平2012年访美" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 616.203px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in 0s; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">GETTY IMAGES</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">中国计划向美国征收关税的产品中，包括大豆、小麦等。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">即使在两党分歧严重的美国，共和民主两党也都同意必须让中国遵循更高的贸易标准。而强劲的美国经济使特朗普更有底气与北京方面接触。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">在谈判过程中，特朗普支持其贸易代表莱特希泽，坚持要求中国继续进行敏感的结构改革。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">特朗普的政敌不但没有反对，还力促特朗普“更强硬”。美国参议院民主党领袖舒默(Chuck Schumer)就敦促特朗普对北京“坚持强硬立场”，“不要退让。强硬是赢过中国的唯一途径。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">曾任特朗普高级贸易和经济政策顾问克莱特·威利斯（Clete Willems）表示，民主党和共和党在贸易问题上“相当一致”，“我的预期是，你不会看到人们在竞选过程中要求‘向中国退让’!”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">在这样的政治氛围下，特朗普一边攻击前任民主党政府对华软弱，一边在关税和谈判中保持强硬，就是希望把自己塑造为对中国强硬的代表，以此作为竞选的重要筹码。</p><h2>风险：经济衰退与选民基础</h2><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">虽然将中美贸易作为竞选筹码可能给特朗普创造有利因素，但这一筹码也存在风险。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2016年帮助特朗普成功当选的几个州，包括农业大州爱荷华，已经在中美贸易战中受伤不轻。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">路透社援引一位要求匿名的特朗普政府前任官员表示，“如果……到总统大选活动全面展开时，他还没解决这件事，而美国的大豆行业受到重创……这对特朗普将是一个大问题。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">大豆是美国最重要的出口农业品，但2018年对中国的大豆出口跌至16年来的低点。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/6DFC/production/_106965182_gettyimages-687565024.jpg" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/6DFC/production/_106965182_gettyimages-687565024.jpg" alt="z" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 616.203px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in 0s; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">GETTY IMAGES</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">贸易战给中西部的农民造成巨大损失。2016年帮助特朗普成功当选的几个州受伤不轻。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">如果在2020年大选前，中美贸易谈判能够达成协议，其中又包含大笔大豆采购订单的话，这对特朗普的选情无疑是重大利好。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">然而，中方突然对一些双方同意的关键点翻脸不认帐，使选举难以按照原先的时间预期达成协议，这可能导致贸易战持续，并与特朗普争取连任的竞选期重叠。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">特朗普政府和其竞选团队似乎也想进行补救。特朗普周一表示，他的政府计划提供约150亿美元的援助，帮助那些产品成为中国报复性关税目标的美国农民。去年，美国向美国农户提供了120亿美元的援助。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">陆修泉分析，中国对支持特朗普的农业州进行打击，在联邦政府的支持下并不会太有效。“说到底，关键还是经济。蓬勃的经济是特朗普2020年竞选连任的最有力政绩。目前而言，特朗普的民主党对手几乎没有空间在经济上攻击他，然而如果贸易战持续，引发更广泛的经济衰退，其政敌将可能抓住机会。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">瑞银全球财富管理首席信息官马克·海福乐（Mark Haefele）预计，更多的报复性关税可能令美企获利缩水5%，加上估值下滑，可能导致美股下跌10%到15%。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">多数分析师估计，目前为止美国受到的直接损失约为GDP增速中的0.1到0.2个百分点，中国的损失较高，为GDP增速中的0.3到0.6个百分点。随着被加征关税的项目增加及税率上调，两国各自受到的损失可能增加。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">路透社分析，如果经济停滞不前，特朗普的成绩单就会被扣分，民主党将有更大机会在爱荷华、密西根、明尼苏达、宾夕法尼亚和威斯康辛等关键州将其击败。</p></div>