天安门的鲜血推倒了柏林墙?

<p style="padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px; font-size: 19px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp;1989年发生在中国的六四事件与几乎同期的东欧政治剧变有着怎样的关联?六四事件30周年之际,这一以往甚少提及的视角逐渐走向了前台。6月4日,当年在东柏林抗议北京暴力镇压的两名东德人,讲述了自己的亲身经历。</p><div style="font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><div style="position: relative; float: left; width: 700px; height: auto; margin: 10px 20px 20px 0px;"><div data-media-id="18758823" style="flex: 1 1 0%; width: 700px; position: relative;"><div style="float: none; position: relative; width: 700px; height: 394px; overflow: hidden; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: #111111; clear: both; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 10;"><div id="videoContainer-187588230" tabindex="0" aria-label="播放器" role="application" style="overflow: hidden; color: inherit; background-color: #000000; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; float: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1em; list-style: none; vertical-align: baseline; 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font-size: 14px; line-height: 40px; font-family: &quot;Arial bold&quot;, sans-serif; color: #bbbbbb; float: right; margin-right: 20px;">02:42</span></div></div></div><div style="position: relative; left: 0px; bottom: 0px; z-index: 11; width: 700px; margin: 0px; padding: 15px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #000000;"><h2>两分钟看懂东西德统一</h2></div></div></div></div><div style="margin-bottom: 30px; font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;;"><br /><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">(德国之声中文网) &#8220;六月中旬的一天早上,我要前往东柏林Prenzlauer Berg区,去参加音乐家约斯维希(Rex Joswig)的一个活动。约斯维希的乐队在当时东德小有名气,一个星期前刚刚因为在音乐会上号召全场观众为北京镇压的死难者默哀而被东德政府下令禁止演出。结果还在半路上,我们就被史塔西拘捕了。我记得很清楚,审讯时,他们用恐吓的口吻说,&#8216;真可惜,民主德国已经在几年前废除了死刑。&#8217;&#8221;</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">叙述这段亲身经历的,是当年东德的一名反对派人士舍恩菲尔德(Andreas Sch&#246;nfelder)。他从80年代中期起就致力于东德的环保运动。1989年春天,他和许多东德民众一样,十分关心天安门广场上示威者的命运,认为遥远东方的年轻人反抗威权的举动,有可能也为其他威权国家起到参考作用。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">三十年后的6月4日晚间,于柏林原东德国安部(即史塔西)旧址举行的讨论会上,另一名当年东德的&#8220;异议人士&#8221;希尔斯贝格(Stephan Hilsberg)也讲述了自己的六四经历。他说,许多东德民众都对官方媒体&#8220;坚决支持中国政府镇压反革命暴乱&#8221;的口径非常不满,他们也都从西德广播电视节目(DW注:当时东德大部分地区都能收到西德电视节目的信号)了解到北京发生了流血镇压。&#8220;关注了好几个星期,结果却是这样,我们因此非常悲伤,同时也非常愤怒。当时我们有一点很明确:为了表示对中国年轻人的团结,我们决不能被东德政府的威胁所吓倒。&#8221;</p><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 7px 20px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 340px;"><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%B2%9C%E8%A1%80%E6%8E%A8%E5%80%92%E4%BA%86%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%A2%99/a-49060925#" link="/overlay/image/article/49060925/49060965" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0087eb; text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;"><img itemprop="image" width="340" height="191" src="https://www.dw.com/image/49060965_404.jpg" title="Deutschland Podiumsdiskussion der Havemann Stiftung: Reaktion in der DDR auf Tiananmen Massaker (DW/Mu Cui)" alt="Deutschland Podiumsdiskussion der Havemann Stiftung: Reaktion in der DDR auf Tiananmen Massaker (DW/Mu Cui)" style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 340px; height: auto;" /></a><p style="padding: 4px 0px; color: #888888; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;;">1989年东德民众举行六四纪念活动</p></div><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">希尔斯贝格所在的教会和平运动于是拟就了一封抗议信,原计划是由希尔斯贝格直接送到中国驻东柏林大使馆。&#8220;不过,我驾车接近大使馆时,就发现有便衣警察在抓捕像我一样的年轻人,塞进卡车。我当然不想进监狱,于是没有停车,而是驶离了中国使馆,找了一个邮筒,把抗议信邮寄出去。&#8221;</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">他介绍说,当年六月,北京的流血事件发生后,大多数东德民众都不知道自己国家的今后命运究竟如何。&#8220;我自己也很迷茫,只清楚一点:社会应该民主、开放,但是这绝不可能在执政的统一社会党治下实现。同时我也明白,光靠抗议是不够的,一定要有建设性的方案。&#8221;</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; color: #000000;">&#8220;北京方案&#8221;的是是非非</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">舍恩菲尔德当年则在担心,天安门广场上的镇压,也将会对东德的反对派形成重击。&#8220;我当时就想:从现在起,局势将会变得很艰难。我们倒不是担心苏联会武装干涉,毕竟戈尔巴乔夫已经多次表示杜绝使用武力。我们最担心的是东德当局会否采用所谓的&#8216;北京方案&#8217;。&#8221;</p><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 7px 20px 10px 0px; float: none; width: 700px; clear: both;"><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%B2%9C%E8%A1%80%E6%8E%A8%E5%80%92%E4%BA%86%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%A2%99/a-49060925#" link="/overlay/image/article/49060925/49061005" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0087eb; text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;"><img itemprop="image" width="700" height="394" src="https://www.dw.com/image/49061005_401.jpg" title="Deutschland Podiumsdiskussion der Havemann Stiftung: Reaktion in der DDR auf Tiananmen Massaker (DW/Mu Cui)" alt="Deutschland Podiumsdiskussion der Havemann Stiftung: Reaktion in der DDR auf Tiananmen Massaker (DW/Mu Cui)" style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 700px; height: auto;" /></a><p style="padding: 4px 0px; color: #888888; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; width: 720px;">德希尔斯贝格在研讨会上讲述了自己的六四经历。从左到右:德希尔斯贝格、舍恩菲尔德、主持人波森(Jacqueline Boysen)、汉学家余凯思</p></div><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">不过,东德当局尽管做好了诉诸暴力和流血的准备,最终却没有在那年秋天对示威的东德民众采用&#8220;北京方案&#8221;。两位亲历者在三十年后的讨论会上,也试图探讨其中的原因。希尔斯贝格认为,东德政府害怕的不是民众流血,而是莫斯科的态度。&#8220;从前东德的敌人来自西方,现在却来自东面的莫斯科。戈尔巴乔夫搞改革、搞开放,某种程度上孤立了东德。东德政权自始至终都清楚知道,自己其实并不是主权独立国家。&#8221;</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">希尔斯贝格还认为,<span style="font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; font-size: 17px;">东德政府没有采用&#8220;北京方案&#8221;,某种程度上也确实如一些东德高官在两德统一后所宣称的那样,是因为害怕一旦发生流血事件,就会在国际社会上遭到孤立,&#8220;这确实可以说是&#8216;北京方案&#8217;所带来的教训。但是这并非出于人道的考虑,而是因为理性的算计。毕竟当年东德的经济已经濒临崩溃了。&#8221;</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; color: #000000;">推倒柏林墙的勇气</span></p><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 7px 20px 10px; float: right; width: 340px;"><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%B2%9C%E8%A1%80%E6%8E%A8%E5%80%92%E4%BA%86%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%A2%99/a-49060925#" link="/overlay/image/article/49060925/49060985" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0087eb; text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;"><img itemprop="image" width="340" height="191" src="https://www.dw.com/image/49060985_404.jpg" title="Deutschland Podiumsdiskussion der Havemann Stiftung: Reaktion in der DDR auf Tiananmen Massaker (DW/Mu Cui)" alt="Deutschland Podiumsdiskussion der Havemann Stiftung: Reaktion in der DDR auf Tiananmen Massaker (DW/Mu Cui)" style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 340px; height: auto;" /></a><p style="padding: 4px 0px; color: #888888; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;;">史塔西博物馆展品之一,这张1989年的传单呼吁民众参加抗议北京镇压的游行活动</p></div><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">柏林自由大学副校长、历史学家、汉学家余凯思(Klaus M&#252;hlhahn)也参加了此次讨论会。他认为,不论东德政府出于何种原因没有采用&#8220;北京方案&#8221;,东德、乃至东欧的民众,都受到了中国示威学生的鼓舞。&#8220;要是没有这些抗议的中国年轻人,东欧民众也许不会有那么大的勇气。&#8221;</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">舍恩菲尔德则在会后接受德国之声采访时表示,&#8220;天安门民主运动促成柏林墙倒塌&#8221;之说法固然有些夸张,但是北京的那个春天&#8220;绝对让我们东德人变得认真起来,并且让我们坚定信念,决不屈服于东德政府的恐吓。&#8221;舍恩菲尔德还呼吁,三十年后的今天,西方依然要警惕新型&#8220;北京模式&#8221;。他认为,中国的政治形态依然是六四镇压后的模式,而这种模式目前正在全球扩张,&#8220;美国那边出了个疯子总统之后,我们欧洲居然和这个中国政权越走越近,这才是如今最令我担心的&#8216;北京模式&#8217;。&#8221;</p></div></div>