中国要提升国家软实力但外宣功夫不如俄罗斯

<p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 28px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">习近平要求中国媒体加大国际传播力度，讲好中国故事，提升中国的软实力。但西方媒体认为，中国外宣手法更笨拙，不如俄罗斯。<p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">2018年中国最高领导人习近平在宣传思想工作会议上讲话强调，要推进中国的国际传播能力，讲好中国故事，传播好中国声音，向世界展现真实、立体、全面的中国，提高中国的软实力。<p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">自习近平在2012年成为最高领导人后，中共就一直在收紧对媒体的控制。按照《纽约时报》的说法，习近平时代对官方媒体比其前任胡锦涛时期提出了更高的要求，习近平努力把党的信息在国内和国外的所有媒体平台传达，包括广告和娱乐领域。<ul style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 100%; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> <li style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; 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border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-49731989">美国对华政策谁做主：熊猫派和屠龙派中国通与战略家</a></li> <li style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a style="border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-49692303">索罗斯：打败习近平领导的中国高于对美国利益的关心</a></li> <li style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a style="border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-49181144">香港站在时代前沿 “成为新冷战的热点”</a></li> </ul><p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">《大西洋月刊》（The Atlantic）旗下的数字新闻网站Quartz发表文章把中国和俄罗斯在宣传和信息战方面做了比较，认为中国的宣传手法更笨拙，而俄罗斯在西方社交媒体上散布“虚假信息”的手法更娴熟。<p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">文章认为中共影响国内公众舆论比较成功，原因是国内有国家媒体，网络审查和爱国主义刷屏等。报道引用纽约大学媒体研究的副教授Angela Wu的研究说，在2016年之前的5年中，中国网络批评北京立场的自由民主思想大多已经被爱国观点取代。<h2>宣传防守：讲好中国故事</h2><p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">该文将香港反对《逃犯条例》抗议活动及其产生的舆论分歧期间，社交媒体推特在8月中旬吊销了近千个被认为同中国发动的信息战有关的账号作为北京舆论战失败的例子。推特指这些账号为北京做宣传，散布不实信息，误导舆论。<p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">西方媒体都认为，北京在社交媒体上发动舆论攻势试图影响世界其它地方对香港抗议活动的看法。美国国务卿蓬佩奥说，中国政府试图在网络空间“操弄数据”。<p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">澳大利亚战略策略研究所9月初发表报告说，推特上许多账号发推谴责香港的示威者，支持香港政府，而且散布西方国家介入香港动乱的阴谋论。该研究认为中国当局用来散播假消息的账号大多是为了推广不同种类的内容而创建的，在香港抗议愈演愈烈的时候，中国开始动用这些“垃圾账号”发动信息战。<ul style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 100%; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> <li style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: inherit; 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list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a style="border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-49165456">中美俄新大三角战略：西方警惕俄国打中国牌</a></li> <li style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a style="border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-49627613">美中斗争将旷日持久但并未进入“新冷战”</a></li> </ul><p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">但支持北京的媒体认为推特大量封号让中国人看到了境外网站所谓“言论自由”的虚伪，甚至助长了反西方的阴谋论，即认为西方政治势力和舆论联手扼杀支持中国的正面舆论。<p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">关于中国官方主导舆论和推特封号，中国外交部发言人耿爽评论说，海外华人和留学生有权表达自己的观点和看法，中国媒体通过海外社交媒体与当地的民众进行沟通，讲述中国故事，合情合理。他还说有人做出过激反应是因为被“戳中短处”。<h2>俄罗斯以攻为守，主动出击</h2><p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Quartz的文章说，中国试图讲好中国故事并不十分成功，相比之下俄罗斯在美国舆论讨论中混淆视听则十分成功，乌克兰问题是其中一个例子。报道说，俄罗斯在美国的宣传策略是主动介入争议话题，诸如示威者抗议警察对黑人的暴力，枪支管制，特朗普任命最高法院大法官布雷特·卡瓦诺的听证。<p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">报道引述美国加州大学的政治社会学学者黄海峰（音）的评论说，“中国在技术上更笨拙…中国的目标不同，中国更侧重于防守，俄罗斯则更多是针对国外的事件主动出击。中国的目标是影响西方对中国事件的看法。”<p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">黄海峰甚至把俄罗斯宣传手法老练归因于冷战期间和冷战后苏联和俄罗斯从事大量间谍活动的丰富经验。他认为，相比之下，中国在1970年之前在西方并没有那么多的外交关系，即使在1970年代中国的注意力主要集中在内部经济发展上。与中国人相比，俄罗斯人更了解美国公众舆论中的问题，他们更熟悉美国的叙事。<p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">报道引述澳大利亚战略政策研究所(ASPI) 的汤玛斯的话说，俄罗斯人提前数月就建立起数字化资产，花很多时间和金钱建立起可信的网络人格，“他们真的花时间和精力精心策划宣传活动，针对不同的受众，发布不同信息。”<div><p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">美国的特别检察官穆勒的俄罗斯报告中指许多俄罗斯人组织研究机构并聘请数百名员工进行网络舆论的操作，建立虚构的个人和机构身份，发布广告，通过脸书向多达1.26亿美国公众发布信息，干扰2016年的美国选举。<h2>《今日俄罗斯》被英国罚款</h2><p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">今年7月，英国监管广播，电讯和邮政的管理机构通讯管理局（Offcom）以违反公正报道为由向俄罗斯英语电视频道《今日俄罗斯》课以20万英镑的罚款。该机构指《今日俄罗斯》在去年俄罗斯双面间谍险遭毒杀后的6星期内的7次报道违反了英国的广播规定。<p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">大部分英国家庭能够通过卫星频道收看《今日俄罗斯》的节目，但是该频道的观众规模较小，每周的观众为33万。尽管如此，许多英国政客对该频道在诸如俄英争议的问题上混淆视听公开表示担忧。<p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">《今日俄罗斯》对罚款提出申诉，说英国通讯管理局的罚款不恰当，也不合比例。俄罗斯政府也针锋相对采取了报复行动，对BBC的俄语广播发起了调查，引发了一场“外交媒体战”。<p style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">在中国努力打造更加国际化，更加灵活的对外宣传机构的时候，中国媒体报道说，《今日俄罗斯》是个值得学习的榜样，中国环球电视网（CGTN）在题材和管理模式方面都可以借鉴这家同克里姆林宫有关系的俄罗斯媒体。 </div><strike></strike><strike></strike><strike></strike>