重審毛澤東土地改革的歷史和現實意義

<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 11pt;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 今年,2019年,是中共建政后發動的第一場政治運動 &#8212; 土地改革運動以及於此平行的鎮壓反革命運動七十周年的祭日。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 由美國紐約城市大學、美國勞改研究基金會主辦,美國《中國當代政治運動史數據庫》編輯部和臺灣民主基金會等協辦的「重審毛澤東的土地改革」的國際研討會于9月18日到9月20日在紐約城市大學研究生中心順利進行。五十多位來自海内外的學者匯聚一堂,就中共的土地改革的國際背景、歷史淵源、理論實踐、暴力土改的前奏和後果等等方面進行了嚴肅深入的探討。這是迄今所知的世界上第一個、也是規模最大的一個徹底否定中共的土地改革運動的國際學術研討會。大會共收到來自全球學者四十三篇學術論文,其中有二十九篇為大會演講論文,十四篇為書面發言。其中來自中國大陸學者的論文有十六篇。會後,我們將很快又在海外出版近百萬字的、上、下兩冊的論文集,以饗萬千讀者。</span></p><div>&nbsp;</div><div><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2019/Sep/9222019OPEN.jpg" width="682" height="511" alt="" />&nbsp;</div><div><em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 會議開幕式&nbsp;</em></div><div><em>&nbsp;</em></div> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 一個問題會迎面而來:時過境遷了七十年,是否還值得這麽多學者對這一課題進行重審和辨析?換句話說,七十年後的今天再來重新研究和否定毛澤東的土地改革運動,還有什麽特別的歷史和現實意義?</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 答案是非常肯定的。這不僅因爲七十年來中共官方製造了種種關於他們的土改的「偉大成就」的政治神話,導致毛澤東土地改革的血腥真相至今還沒有被全部揭露;還因爲七十年前的土地改革的後果正滯後著中國大陸現代化的健康進程;更因爲而當今的中共領導人千方百計地想讓整個民族遺忘歷史的教訓,以便他們可以順順當當地延著這條獨裁和極權的道路走下去。</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="center"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">政治運動的「原型」和不斷重複的「情結」</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">中共建政伊始,便發動了所謂的「三大政治運動」:土地改革、鎮壓反革命和朝鮮戰爭。一眼望去,便不難發見其中「土地改革」是最主要的核心所在。朝鮮戰爭前後雖然也有宣傳性的政治活動,但其實質還是軍事行動。鎮壓反革命是與之平行的,但很大程度上又是為土地改革衍生並爲之服務的政治運動。中共的宣傳機器,至今爲止還在不斷地傳播著:土改把「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">农民从水深火热中解救出来</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」的神話。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">恰好西方的神話學研究中有一種「原型批評」(</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">Architype Literary Criticism)的方法,它</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">源于</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">20</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">世纪初英国的古典学界崛起的仪式学派,大成于</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif; color: windowtext;"><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6/12771747" target="_blank"><span>加拿大文学</span></a></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">批评家诺斯洛普</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">&#183;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">弗莱(</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif; color: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Northrop Frye</a></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">)的《</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif; color: windowtext;"><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96/3048831" target="_blank"><span>批评的解剖</span></a></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">》</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">(<em><span style="color: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy_of_Criticism">Anatomy of Criticism</a></span></em></span> ,1957<span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">)</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。其要點在於研究神話中中反复出现的各种意象儀式、内在结构和人物类型,找出它们背后的基本形式</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">,即</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">神话原型</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">如果我們把它套用到作爲政治神話的土地改革運動中,根據會議所收到的論文中的發現,我們也不難找到土地改革作爲中共政治運動「原型」的一些</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">特徵和</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">要素:</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1. 階級劃分的運動理論基礎;2. 法外殺人的群衆暴力形式;3. 劫掠私產的國家財政機制。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 第一,是</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">階級劃分」的運動理論基礎。土地改革是中共建政以來第一次在全國範圍内劃分階級成分的嘗試。通過這一方式,中共撕裂了整個中國社會,建立了中國歷史上從來過來沒有過的以等級制爲特徵的身份政治制。這一土改的基本理論旨在煽動仇恨,製造敵人,挑動一部分民衆去迫害和殺戮另一部分民衆,成爲中共後來以無休止的政治運動治國的理論基礎。值得一提的是:與會的學者研究土地改革,但并不囿於「土地」,相反把批判和顛覆中共政治運動的理論基礎放在首位。大陸學者葉曙明先生不乏見地地指出</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2"><span><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif"><span><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[2]</span></strong></span></span></strong></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">:</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.2in;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:23.75pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">歷史學家認為,重新分配土地,改變土地所有製,是土改的意義所在。土地收歸國家,也是對土地所有製的改變。但從土改之初許諾把土地分給農民和後來的兌現情況看,土地在農民手裡,只是曇花一現的過渡,幾年後就全部收歸國有了。因此,土改的分田分地,拉開歷史的距離來看,不過是發動群眾的一種方法而已。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;"><br /> </span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 土改的真正意義所在,是劃分階級。</span></span> <span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:DFKai-SB;">&#8230;&#8230;</span></span> <span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">劃分階級,實際上,就成了農村未來政治的重要基石和支柱</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">。</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">在他的論文</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">〈</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">土改阶级划分政策的恶意、随意及其后果</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">〉,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">北美學者丁抒教授更進一步地指出:</span></p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:17.0pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.2in;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">對社會劃分「階級」,源自西方馬克思列寧主義。 </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">&#8230;&#8230;</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">沒有固化的社會階層,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">地主和農民之間不存在一條階級鴻溝。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">&#8230;&#8230;</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">農民與地主的角色轉換一直在鄉村社會進行。中共高層領導人毛澤東、劉少奇、鄧小平三個人的父輩都是實例。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">&#8230;&#8230;中共的土改,要剷除傳統文明,顛覆鄉村社會,一是靠啟用貧僱農、無業遊民當村幹部,二是靠極大地妖魔化地主富農,制造「階級仇恨」,以達到「消滅地主階級」的目標。&#8230;&#8230;中共將抄沒地富財產賦予「階級鬥爭」的崇高名義,把搶奪解釋成</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">「土地還家」、「財產還家」。再加上「大家都搶」,平素從不偷、搶的貧僱農們也就隨大流,心安理得地當了一回強盜。</span></p> <p style="margin-right:1.0in;text-indent:24.0pt;background: white">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;縱觀毛澤東時代數十次的政治運動,中共確實具有濃厚的「階級劃分」的政治情結。不僅每一個地區的土改結束後都有對於階級劃分的重新復查和再劃分,即便是在農村已經走上集體合作化的道路后,中共還不停地抓所謂的「漏網地主」。比如,1955年10月22日,貴州遵義地區赤水縣在縣黨代會的「重新劃分階級」的運動中清查出了「80</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">多户土改中漏网地主,有些并混入互助合作组织</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」。爲此,中共中央還專門發了一個</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">〈</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">关于土改中漏网地主土地处理意见给贵州省委的批复</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">〉</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">(</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1955年11月17日),表示堅決支持</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[3]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DengXian;">。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">上世紀六十年代的四清運動裏,中共中央認定:「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">现在农村相当普遍地存在着阶级成分比较混乱的情况,在社会主义教育运动中,很有必要认真地进行一次清理阶级成分的工作,就是说,经过群众的充分讨论,对每一个家庭的成分进行审查和评定,并且建立阶级档案。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」 </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[4]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">實際上,四清運動成了一場大規模的重新劃分階級成分的運動。到了文化大革命中,不僅全國城鄉大抓「漏網地主、富農」,原來在少數民族地區的土地改革中「不劃階級」的政策也被全部推翻。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">中共中央於</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">1971年8月12日發佈了</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">〈</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">关于新疆、</span> <span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">云南少数民族地区划分阶级成分问题的指示</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">〉</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">,「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">同意两个省、区在没有划过阶级成份或过去虽然划过但没有划清的少数民族地区,参照西藏社会主义改造中执行的原则和政策划分阶级成份。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[5]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">直到粉碎「四人幫」以後的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1979</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">2</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">月</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">27</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">日</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">,中共的國務院才發文推翻了上述「重新劃分階級」的錯誤文件。此外,中共的每一場新的政治運動,還會劃分出新的屬於「階級敵人」的成份來,如五七年反右運動后產生的「右派分子」和文化大革命中新劃出來的「走資派」。總之,中共的這一「土改情結」的目的,正是爲了製造出更多無端的敵人來</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[6]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 令人十分憂慮的是:這一階級劃分和階級鬥爭的理論,至今</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Microsoft JhengHei&quot;;">爲</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">止</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">還被銘刻在中共最新</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">的《中華人民共和國憲法修正案》(</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">2018</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">3</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">月</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">11</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">日第十三屆全國人民代表大會第一次會議通過)</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">上:</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.2in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: DFKai-SB;">在我國,剝削階級作為階級已經消滅,但是階級鬥爭還將在一定範圍內長期存在。中國人民對敵視和破壞我國社會主義制度的國內外的敵對勢力和敵對分子,必須進行鬥爭</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">[7]</span></span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: DFKai-SB;">。</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">第二,是「法外殺人」的群衆暴力形式。這是指即不通過起碼的司法程序,煽動并通過大規模的群衆(暴民)運動來殺人的形式。原中國社科院法律研究所的徐立志教授在研究這一施暴形式時指出:</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.2in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:cwTeXFangSong;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: DFKai-SB;">按照古今出現的普適性法律和法的原理,土改中的亂象涉及到多種犯罪,其中有的屬於嚴重犯罪,特別是有組織的法外打人、殺人</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">&#8230;&#8230; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">對於土改中的種種亂象,中共的基本態度是將其視為革命中的「過激」現象,是「自己人」對「敵人」的行為。</span> <span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">&#8230;&#8230;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">需要特別提及的是,中共處理運動亂象的基本政策,也從土改一直延續到「文革」。土改中的亂打亂殺等法外亂象,在以後的運動中一再出現,而且從事這種非法行為的人和被非法對待的人都有一些是從土改時期延續下來的,經歷過土改的人都能從以後的歷次運動中看到土改的影子。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman&quot;;">[8]</span></span></span></a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">真可謂一語中的。如果我們把土改作爲毛澤東時代第一個政治運動,把文革作爲毛的最後一場政治戰役,它們的共同點即是對某一社會階層的大規模屠殺。不幸的是,這一社會階層就是中共土地改革運動的主要打擊對象</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&#8212;地主富農及其子女。 文化大革命中有過三次震驚全國的對土改對象的大屠殺事件,其方式都是土改「法外殺人」的運動形式的延續和翻版。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">其一,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1966年8月26日至9月1日發生在北京大興縣的殘殺土改對象&#8212;地富及其子女的事件,共殺死325人。最老的八十多嵗,最小的還是嬰兒</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[9]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">其二</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:DengXian;">,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1967年8月13日至10月17日發生在湖南道縣及零陵地區的大屠殺事件,共非正常死亡9093人。其中以地富為代表的土改對象及其子女占了近7000人,為76%。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">鉴于这场大屠杀的组织者和执行者都曾认为他们是在进行「第二次土改」,这一文革惨案就带上了挥之不去的土改「法外殺人」的阴影。而整個屠殺,都是在「土改补课」等等蛊惑人心的口号中進行的。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[10]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">其三</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DengXian;">,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1967年底到1968年下半年的廣西大屠殺。据機密文件透露,至少8.9-14萬人遇難,而其中土改對象、四類分子及其子女占了56%左右</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[11]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">如果我們进行一下更深入的调查和比较。 還不难发现,上述三次文革中的大屠杀都不过是建国初期土地改革运动的延续和发展。例如,道县和廣西发出杀人指令的「贫下中农最高法院」其实不过是土改时期「人民法庭」的某种翻版。而施害者所采用的对受害者们先开「杀人现场会」斗争、再宣判,后用「刀杀」、「沉水」、「棍棒打死」、「活埋」 、「火烧」等方法处死,完全是土改虐杀地主的全套流程。至于那些野蛮的私刑,也和土改中法外殺人的暴力一脉相承。值得注意的还有:刽子手在杀戮受害者的事前事后,还常常公开引用他们集体无意识里深深积淀的「土改经验」。例如,加害于受害者之前,凶手们常常先追逼他们的「浮财」</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">&#8212;有的甚至是第一次土改时埋藏的「光洋」。并欺骗他们:这是「土改政策」,交出你的钱来,便可以买下你的命。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[12]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">而在杀光了受害者全家以后,凶手们一定不会忘了土改的传统</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">&#8212;瓜分掉受害者的全部财物&#8212;包括受害者的家庭里的青年女性。如果说有什么不同之处,那就是暴徒们再也无法从受害者那里分得土地。因为第一次土改中他们分得的土地,早已经被中共在一两年后以「农业集体化」的名义收归了国有。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">行文至此,我們不可避免地要觸及到一個難以回答但一定要回答的問題:在當年的土地改革和鎮壓反革命運動中,到底有多少地主在殘忍的暴力下死於非命?在時過境遷七十多年、而中共又嚴密封鎖檔案的情況下,比較準確地計算出受害的地主的人數是很困難的。但是,根據一些已經公開的官方的統計材料,做一些合理的推測還是可能的。以下是根據多種官方文件推算出的中共建政初期土改中的地主非正常死亡人數的表格:</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width: 94.6pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><a name="_Hlk18901832"><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">年度</span></a></p> </td> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width: 94.6pt; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">縂人口</span></p> </td> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width: 94.6pt; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">所占比例</span></p> </td> <td width="122" valign="top" style="width: 91.85pt; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">自然死亡率</span></p> </td> <td width="122" valign="top" style="width: 91.85pt; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">地主實際人口</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width: 94.6pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">1950</span></p> </td> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.6pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">465,900,00</span><span style="font-family:DengXian;">0</span><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">(農業人口)</span></p> </td> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.6pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">4.75% </span></p> </td> <td width="122" valign="top" style="width:91.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td width="122" valign="top" style="width:91.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">21,880,000*</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width: 94.6pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">1954</span></p> </td> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.6pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">602,660,000(總人口)</span></p> </td> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.6pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">2.6% **</span></p> </td> <td width="122" valign="top" style="width:91.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td width="122" valign="top" style="width:91.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">15,669,160</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width: 94.6pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">1950-1953</span></p> </td> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.6pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.6pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td width="122" valign="top" style="width:91.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">6.88% (4年)***</span></p> </td> <td width="122" valign="top" style="width:91.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">1,505,344</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width: 94.6pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">差額(非正常死亡)</span></p> </td> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.6pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.6pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td width="122" valign="top" style="width:91.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td width="122" valign="top" style="width:91.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">4,705,496</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">*</span></strong><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;">這一數字來自國家統計局的《全國土地改革前各階級占有耕地情況》一表,載</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Microsoft JhengHei&quot;;">黄道霞、余展、王西玉主编:《建国以来农业合作化史料汇编》,中共党史出版社,</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;">1992</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Microsoft JhengHei&quot;;">年,</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;">第</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;">1353頁。</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;">**這一比例來自1954年23個省市,自治區1.5萬多戶農家資料的統計的《全國土改結束時各階級占有耕地情況》,載杜潤生主編:《中國的土地改革》,北京:當代中國出版社,1996年,第560頁。</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB">***</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;">1950-1953這四年的自然死亡率,根據國家統計局《1949-2003</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;">年中国大陆历年人口数据</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;">》</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB">一表得出,原載百度百科:</span><a href="https://wenku.baidu.com/view/16182d00b52acfc789ebc9e5.html"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB">https://wenku.baidu.com/view/16182d00b52acfc789ebc9e5.html</span></a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">關於土改期間中國地主非正常死亡人數的算法是:</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1950年土改前地主實際人數(21,880,000人) &#8211; 1954年土改結束后地主人數(15,669,160人) &#8211; 4年自然死亡人數(實際人口 X 四年自然死亡率 = 1,050,240人) = 差額4,705,996人。</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 根據以上的計算,在三年的暴力土改中,中國所謂的地主階級的非正常死亡(被殺和自殺)人數大約高達470萬人。它應當是中共建政后所有政治運動中非正常死亡人數最高的一次。這一數字,和不少長期研究中共土改的學者的估計雷同</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[13]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">根據有關看到過機密中共文件的作者泄露,到毛澤東死後的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1977年,全中國地主大約還有279.7萬人幸存</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[14]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。 換句話説,自土地改革以來的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">24年裏,中國的地主階級共有1808.3萬人死亡。他們或是在土改后的各種政治運動中被迫害致死,或是在貧病交迫的政治歧視中漠然逝世。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">作爲一個有兩千多萬人之衆的中國富裕農民的「階級」,被中共從肉體上殘忍地消滅了。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 第三,中共土改運動「原型」中的最後一個特徵是劫掠私產的國家財政機制。這裏的的「劫掠私產」當然是指對國民私人財產的大規模的搶劫和掠奪,而這些行爲則又常常是得到國家政權的默認或公開鼓勵的。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>土地改革時期大規模的分地主 「浮財」 的現象可算是這類形式最早的「原型」。緊接著,在上世紀五十年代早期的 「三反」、「五反」運動裏,對所謂的 「不法資本家」的大規模的群衆鬥爭,追逼和沒收他們的私人錢財,應當是這一「原型」的發展。到文化大革命初期,這一 「土改情結」有了惡性的發展。最典型的是</span>1966年8<span>月,由北京紅衛兵發起,繼而在全國範圍風行的對 「階級敵人」 的抄家運動。本次會議的不少論文都揭露了造成土改大規模法外殺人的契機,常常是那些所謂的「土改積極分子」(實爲地痞流氓)的 「追逼浮財」。但是由此引起的種種酷刑和殺戮,從來沒有得到國家政權的懲處。至於</span>1966<span>年紅衛兵的 「紅色恐怖」,作爲中共中央機關報的《人民日報》,竟發表了 </span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">〈</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">向我们的红卫兵致敬!</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">〉</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">的社論,公開贊揚紅衛兵抄掠公民 「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">隐藏的金银财宝」</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">的非法行爲</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[15]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">爲什麽中共的國家政權要縱容和贊揚這種光天化日之下的盜賊行爲?其實背後還是有不可告人的、又非常實用和功利的財政目的的。例如,据大陸學者曹樹基的研究,中共在土改初期所發動的「減租退押」運動,其隱藏的經濟目的是爲了把這一運動的</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">的勝利果實來充實</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1951</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年政府的新增農業稅,並以此來支持朝鮮戰爭</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">[16]</span></span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。同樣,不久後,</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">三反」、「五反」運動裏逼出來的工商業者的財物,也被用來解決政府的財政危機。毛澤東就高度評價了這種做法,喜形於色地稱贊道:「『三反』、『五反』清理出來的錢,可以打(朝鮮戰爭)一年半。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[17]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"> 在1966年10月的中共中央十月工作會議上,頒發了一份贊揚</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">紅衛兵的「巨大功績</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">」的機密文件。該文件透露,僅紅衛兵抄家所得的現金,就有人民幣</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">428.8億元;美鈔355.8萬元(相當於人民幣875萬元);英鎊和其他外幣373.9萬元(相當於人民幣2566萬元);黃金120萬兩(相當於人民幣1.5億);白銀30.8萬兩,銀元978.9萬元(相當於人民幣1300萬元)<a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">[18]</span></span></a>。根據國家統計局公佈的數字,1966年全中國的GDP按人民幣計算,不過就是1888.7億元。僅這些幾個月内抄來的現金,就有432億之多,佔1966年全中國GDP的 23%,而且還是立刻可以流通的現金。對於文革初期面對因爲動亂而造成的國内生產急劇下降的中國政府,無疑有雪中送炭的危機救援的作用。毛澤東和中共中央怎麽會不對紅衛兵「巨大功績」大加稱贊呢?</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 頗具諷刺意義的是:這種</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">劫掠私產的國家行爲,竟很快就從國家縱容農民對地主富農私有財產的劫掠轉化為國家對農民私有財產的持續劫掠。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1952年,全國性的土地改革還沒有結束,中共已經開始强力推行農業合作化。在以後的數年内,中國所有的農民 </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DengXian;">&#8212;&#8212;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"> 不管是被貧下中農剝奪了土地的地主富農,還是剛剛獲得土地的貧下中農</span> <span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DengXian;">&#8212;&#8212;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">全部被國家剝奪了他們的土地。不僅如此,中共還在</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1953年强行推出「統購統銷」的政策,超額徵集農民的余糧(實際上就是口糧)。</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">因为合作化了,农民便失去了他们刚刚在土地改革中得到的土地和生产工具,其人身也不得不依附于党国的基层细胞</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">&#9472;&#9472;</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">合作社及其干部。实现农业合作化后,全国</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">1.1</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">亿户个体农民,被组织到了约</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">100</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">万个农业合作社。农村的粮食统购统销就不需要再直接与农民发生联系了,统购与统销都可以通过农业生产合作社来进行。就这样,农民作为生产者,就不僅失去了對土地的支配權,還進一步和他们生产的粮食完成了剥离,彻底地失去了对粮食的支配权。</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">有論者把這一過程稱爲「第二次土改」,也是不無道理的</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">[19]</span></span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。 </span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 作這一如是觀,1958年開始的人民公社化也可以稱之爲「第三次土改」。毛澤東在</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">河北徐水县關於農業生產大躍進的討論中,總結出了公社「组织军事化,行动战斗化,生活集体化」的軍事共產主義的組織形式。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">既然人民公社化后的整个农村都变成了军队和兵营,那当然就不允许有農民再有任何私人财产。当时,毛就和徐水领导人张国忠等兴致勃勃地讨论过「进行共产主义教育,除生活用品外,关于房屋、树木、羊群、自留地都要转化为公有。」 </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn20" name="_ednref20"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[20]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif"> 毛澤東的倡導很快在全国范围内造成了对数以亿万计的農民私有财产徹底剝奪和劳动力的恶性毁坏。以徐水为例,「在扫除私有观念的影响下,有些村庄鸡猪和树木也归了公,把锅砸掉炼铁,户户不冒烟,全去吃食堂,有些地方甚至连箱箱柜柜都归公有。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">群众的基本生活资料</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&#8212;住房也要拆除&#8230;&#8230;</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[21]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」更有甚者,中共在大躍進 &#8212; 大饑荒後期的「反瞞產運動」裏,對農民完全采取了土改鬥地主的方式</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&#8212;刑訊逼取他們的最後一粒存糧。以「信陽事件」中的「反瞞產運動」爲例,「全</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">區</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">被打致死群</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">衆達</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">六</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">萬</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">七千</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">餘</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">人,被打致</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">殘</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">三</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">萬</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">四千</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">餘</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">人。殘害群</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">衆</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">的酷刑在</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">幾</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">十</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">種</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">以上,如吊梁、跪</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">磚</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">、砸牙、剪耳朵、刺手、</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">縫</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">嘴、火</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">焼</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">、</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">鐵</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">烙、火葬、活埋等等,真是</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">殘</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">忍毒辣,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">駭</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">人</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">聽聞。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[22]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">曾幾何時,作爲中共土地改革運動的勝利者的中國農民,不僅在數年後就失去了他們的全部私有財產,還淪落為國家機器最悲慘的農奴,活活餓死了數千萬人,成爲中共土改運動的最大的失敗者。</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p align="center" style="text-indent:24.0pt"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">破除「解放農村生產力」的神話</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">中共在《</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">中华人民共和国</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">土地改革法</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">》的開篇中説,</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">土地改革</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">的目的是爲了:</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">解放農村生產力,發展農業生產,為新中國的工業化開闢道路</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn23" name="_ednref23"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">[23]</span></span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。這是長期以來糾纏著讀者甚至研究者們的又一個革命神話。對此,美國學者傑克</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&#183;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">貝爾登</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">(Jack Belden) </span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">很早就提到,不少西方學者當時就都有異議。他們認爲:</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"> 「</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">分配土地本身並不能在中國產生健全的農業經濟。它既不能創造出工業化所需的資金,也無法消除農村人口對土地的壓力</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn24" name="_ednref24"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">[24]</span></span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。另一個美國學者馬若孟(</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">Ramon H. Myers</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">)也曾指出:</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1950</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年以來的事實證明,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1950</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年代土地改革與其說是促進不如說是阻礙了農業生產力和產出的增長,因為這一改革消滅了私有製,從而抑制了刺激工作和革新的動力</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn25" name="_ednref25"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">[25]</span></span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。其實,一個簡單而清楚的史實是:中國真正的全面工業化是在</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1978</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年後三十年間的</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">改革開放</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">中才實現的,這離</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">土地改革</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">已近六、七十年之遙。因此,土改</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">為新中國的工業化開闢道路</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">之說實在是離題萬里之談。</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><br /> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span>中共政府和其官方學者一直用</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">土地改革</span><span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">後全國糧食總產量的增加來說明它的革命神話的合理性和合法性。被引用得最多的是當時的政務院副秘書長廖魯言的說法,即</span><span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">一九五一年全國糧食生產量較一九四九年增加百分之二十八,今年可較一九四九年增加百分之四十左右,可超過抗日戰爭以前最高年產量百分之九。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn26" name="_ednref26"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[26]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">這其實也是經不得仔細推敲的。首先是中共的統計數字常常是因政治需要而誇大的,不足為信。廖魯言寫這篇宣傳品時,尚在</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1952<span>年的9月,統計數字根本還沒有出來,但他就急不可耐地炮製出「百分之四十左右」的增長率了。其次,中共用和平時期、即五十年代初期的產量來和四十年代全國性的戰亂年代相比</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">– </span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">無論是抗日戰爭(</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1937 -1945</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">),還是國共內戰(</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1946-1949</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">)時期 </span><span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&#8212;&#8212; </span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">都不是一種公正的比較。最後,戰後中共統一了中國大陸,在和平的環境裡擁有了激增的人口和多餘的勞動力,可以用來大量墾荒和精耕細作,如果沒有總產量上的增加才是不可思議的。</span></p> <p><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 已故的中國人民大學的高王凌教授對土改素有研究,他是比較早挑戰土改「解放農村生產力」的學者之一。</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">在本書所收的</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing: .3pt">〈</span><span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">土改的極端化</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing: .3pt">〉</span><span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">一文中,他就指出:「</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">土改的目地,最初的说法是为了解放生产力和发展生产。但是土地改革的这种作用,一时间却难以看清,有时还不难发现相反的例证。如各地都有经验表明,土改后的头一二年,生产往往出现下降。</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」參加本次會議的加拿大獨立學者滕春暉和大陸學者馬錫昌一起遞交了一篇題名為</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">土地改革对农村生产力和农村社会生活的损害和影响</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing: .3pt;">的論文,也指出</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn27" name="_ednref27"><span><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: FangSong"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:FangSong;Times New Roman&quot;;">[27]</span></strong></span></strong></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing: .3pt;">:</span></p> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.2in;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.2in;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></strong><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: DFKai-SB;">大多數地主是「小地主」,往往是靠勤儉持家和種田本領及經營有方發展起來,他們幾乎都親身參加農業勞動。對他們的剝奪,就消滅了這部分人的生產能力,</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">&#8230;&#8230;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">所以在當時中共內部關於經濟問題的多份文件中,幾乎是不加掩飾的承認,土改造成了群眾普遍的生產困難。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;"> 1948</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">年</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">5</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">月</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">10</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">日,中共東北局後勤部黨委在《目前後勤運輸狀況的統一與使用》一文中說:兩年來,我們的生產力比偽滿時不是擴大了,而是縮小,比九一八以前恐怕也不如。減產是可以肯定的。原因:東北過去地主富農佔很大數量,土改後大生產破壞了,土地小塊小塊分給農民;而農民組織和經營的經驗不足;使我們減產。這是第一。第二,土改中打擊面寬了些,使過去生產中佔很大數量的中農、富裕中農被打擊,因此生產情緒受到影響;第三,地主富農土改中打的狠一些,生產有困難(種子、牲口、農具)影響一些生產;第四,農村勞動力減少很多,參軍參戰數字很大</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">–</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">生產力水平回到少帥那個時代</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">。</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">其實,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">我們即便用中共自己五十年代的一些統計資料,也可以看到在人均糧食產量上非但沒有增長,相反是倒退的:</span></p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width: 116.85pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">產量</span> <span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\\ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年份</span></span></p> </td> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width: 116.85pt; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">1936年</span></p> </td> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width: 116.9pt; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">1950年</span></p> </td> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width: 116.9pt; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">1952年</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width: 116.85pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">糧食產量(斤)</span></p> </td> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width:116.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">277,400,000,000</span></p> </td> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width:116.9pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">249,400,000,000</span></p> </td> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width:116.9pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">308,800,000,000</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width: 116.85pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">人口</span> <span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">(人)</span></span></p> </td> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width:116.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">471,100,000</span></p> </td> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width:116.9pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">551,960,000</span></p> </td> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width:116.9pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">574,820,000</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width: 116.85pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt;"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">人均產量(斤)</span></p> </td> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width:116.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">589</span></p> </td> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width:116.9pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">451</span></p> </td> <td width="156" valign="top" style="width:116.9pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">537</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.2in;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><br /> </span><strong><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">資料來源:國家統計局編:《偉大的十年》,北京:人民出版社,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">1959</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">年,糧食中不含大豆。葛劍雄:《中國人口發展史》,福州:福建人民出版社,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">1991</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">年。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">1950<span>年和1952年的人口,</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">根據國家統計局《</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">1949-2003</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">年中国大陆历年人口数据</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">》一表得出,原載百度百科:</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"><a href="https://wenku.baidu.com/view/16182d00b52acfc789ebc9e5.html">https://wenku.baidu.com/view/16182d00b52acfc789ebc9e5.html</a></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><br /> </span><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">另外,從各地</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">土地改革</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">運動的原始檔案裡,我們也常常發見中共的暴力土改對農業生產直接的嚴重破壞。例如,貴州省清鎮縣,原是中共</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">土地改革</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">的試驗區,在土改後卻出現了農民不想生產,讓土地大批拋荒的現象。中共貴州省的機關報《新黔日報》如此報導</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn28" name="_ednref28"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">[28]</span></span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">:</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: DFKai-SB;">清鎮一區蘆荻鄉右二村是今年春季土地改革試驗區。土地改革後,於八月間經檢查,該村丟荒田土現像很嚴重。</span></span> <span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">&#8230;&#8230;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">其中以貧農丟荒土地最多,自耕中農次之。全村合計共荒田六石六鬥,佔全村田面七十石零六升二合的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">9.42%</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">;共荒土五斗七合半,佔全村土面五石四斗五升的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">9.78%</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">,共丟荒產量合</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">32564</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">斤,佔全村總產量的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">53517</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">斤的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">6.33%</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">。所以造成如上丟荒田土的嚴重情況,主要原因是該地各級領導忽視領導生產,指導思想上對生產的重要性認識不明確;對土地改革後的生產問題沒有深入下去了解情況,只盲目認為土地改革後群眾生產情緒高,在這上面可以不必多化(花)工夫。</span> <span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">&#8230;&#8230;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">土地改革後,又沒有講明租佃、僱傭自由,只是機械地動員群眾生產,一些缺乏勞動力者,為了避免剝削改變成分,怕把田土出租。如中農黎明春,共有七鬥田,前幾年出租二斗五升,今年全部收回自己種,結果荒了田二斗。</span><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><br /> <br /> </span><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">這種破壞更是在精神層面上的。因為</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">鬥爭土改</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">的盛行,使農民在幾千年來形成的勤勞致富的信仰轟然倒塌,使他們不願意通過生產來發財致富,在不少地方竟造成了人為的飢荒。山東的莒南縣、內蒙古的赤峰市乾村都是如此。據機密檔案記載,整個山東暴力土改後</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1948</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年出現了空前的歉收。莒南縣一直到</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1949</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年還沒有擺脫災荒的陰影</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn29" name="_ednref29"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">[29]</span></span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: DengXian;">:</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><br /> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><br /> </span><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">發生餓死人、賣老婆、買小孩子的嚴重現象,如莒縣大石頭區朱家廟子村一老大娘,即因挨餓而吊死,城裡民村唐林民餓死,鄭</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">X</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">仁要賣老婆,於</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">X</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">文要賣孩子等。</span><strong></strong></p> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.2in;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><br /> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">土改對農村生產力的嚴重破壞和社會財富的極大消耗,不少中共領導人也是有清醒認識的。</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"> 1947</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">8</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">月</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">27</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">日,董必武在全國土地會議上就說過</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn30" name="_ednref30"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">[30]</span></span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">:</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><br /> </span><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"><br /> </span><span><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: DFKai-SB;">社會上的積蓄在土改中大量被消耗了,過去各地都發生過這種現象,領導機關不注意就消耗得更多了。在斗地主、富農時,鬥來的果實吃掉了一些,用掉了一些,由集中到分散不可避免的要毀損些。有些地區中農在土改中,也故意消耗他們自己的積蓄。如在執行政策中侵犯了中農的利益,再加上地主富農的謠言,那就消耗的更多。地主富農消耗,甚至故意破壞自己的積蓄那是更普遍的現象。</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;"><br /> </span><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><br /> </span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">經歷了幾十年的政治運動風風雨雨的中國人,應當起碼明白文革中流行的</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">抓革命、促生產</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">的口號中的兩者其實並沒有任何邏輯上的因果關聯。在現實生活中,革命終究是破壞了生產力的,尤其是在暴力革命剛剛結束的一段時間內。當然,經歷了較長時間的社會和政治震盪後,生產也會逐漸得到恢復和增長,但這不過是政治震盪後的非革命的</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">和平</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">帶來的經濟恢復和好轉而已,它們絕非是結構性的增長,更不是中共及官方學者們所吹噓的革命所帶來的</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">生產力</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">的</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">解放</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p align="center" style="text-indent:24.0pt"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">新視野</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"> &#183; 新史實 &#183; 新思考</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p align="center" style="text-indent:24.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">本次會議的有一個非常特殊的開</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: DengXian;">場</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">:由來自日本、台灣、中國大陸和美國的學者一起組成了題名為</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">〈</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">國際和比較視野下的土地改革</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">〉</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">的首場討論。土地改革在世界歷史上并不是自中共始的新鮮事物,也并不一定要充滿流血和暴力,以犧牲幾百萬無辜的人命為代價。上世紀四、五十年代,有過日本的土地改革。五十年代幾乎和中共的暴力土改同時展開的,還有台灣的和平土改。日本學者日吉秀松教授在他的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing: .3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">日本的農地改革和民主化<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">〉詳細地介紹了日本戰後在美國</span>為首的盟軍總司令部指導下的土地改革。他指出,雖然「這場土地改革是在外國勢力壓力之下進行的」,但是「在沒有發生流血事件的情況下實施了這樣的巨大改革」。日本土改的形式是和平的,是政府通過佃租地的強制收購以解決農村貧困。它不僅<span style="color:#333333">基本上實現了耕者有其田,在日本消除軍國主義的基礎以及在農村實現民主化之目的也獲得實現,同時,日本的土改成功地在農村阻止了日本社會主義運動的發展。</span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:#333333;">台灣學者周茂春博士,正在攻讀博士學位的廖應豪先生和旅美華人作家余傑都就台灣和大陸土改的對比發表了精彩的見解,大大地拓展了研究者的視野。他們都認爲:台灣五十年代初期的「兼顧地主」的土改是非常成功的,如余傑所言</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn31" name="_ednref31"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; color:black;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">[31]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:#333333;">:</span></p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.2in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:22.3pt"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: DFKai-SB;">中國的土地改革指向「耕者無田」的國家資本主義,台灣的土地改革指向「耕者有田」的自由市場經濟。在此一脈絡之下,兩岸的土地改革形成了四個重要的差別:第一,社會及歷史背景不同;第二,學習和效仿的對象不同;第三,實施方式(主要是暴力程度)不同;第四,對此後兩岸的經濟、政治發展路徑的影響不同。</span></p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:#333333;">當然,并不是所有的土地改革都是成功的。北美的國際共運史專家程映紅教授</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">把北朝鮮和北越的土改與合作化與中共的土改和合作化放在一起考察<span style="color:#333333">,指出它們的共同點是</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn32" name="_ednref32"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[32]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:#333333;">:</span></p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.2in;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:23.75pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:DFKai-SB;">共產黨革命在農村政策上的「初衷」是建立對農村的全面控制,在社會經濟政策上則是通過土改建立小農制度,但很快就向集體化過渡。這個集體化可以是合作社,也可以是人民公社,總的傾向是越大越好,因為越大就意味着國家控制能力的越強。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">&#8230;&#8230;從土改到合作化,這些國家經歷的,實際上是從身份自由的個體農民淪為國家農奴制的過程。</span></p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;">本次會議還標志了在中共土改研究上的一些重要突破。其一是提供了長期以來被忽略了的新史實;其二是填補了以往研究中的空白。在一般人的印象中:土地改革既然是中共建政後的第一場政治運動,應當一开始便是中共以「恩施者」的名義出現,給農民分配土地。然而,本書卻掀開了為重重曡曡的謊言覆蓋著的昨天的真相:中共首先是以「剝奪者」的面目出現,一解放便向農民橫徵暴斂,激起了全國性規模的民亂和「匪變」。但多年來,</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">在</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">土地改革</span></span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」旗鼓</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">的遮蔽下,學界忽視了</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1949-1951</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年新中國發生的其他歷史事件。近年來,基於檔案資料的開放,越來越多的學者,開始有機會把關注視角轉向新中國初期的徵糧、減租退押、經濟清算以及財政金融物價等系列運動,並取得了令人欣喜的進展。</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;">華東師範大學王海光教授遞交的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; color:windowtext;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;">土改的前奏曲:中共建政時期徵糧問題再探討</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext; letter-spacing:.3pt;">和〈</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;">民變和「匪亂」&#8212;&#8212;中共貴州建政第一年徵糧事略考</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;letter-spacing:.3pt;">兩文,就告訴讀者「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;">中共佔領新區之初,立腳未穩,就急如星火地在當地徵收</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;">1949年度的公糧,禁止銀元貴金屬貨幣流通。徵糧數額大,方式簡單粗暴,激起了當地民眾的激烈反抗,以至釀成大規模的民變和「匪亂」。&#8230;&#8230;新區徵糧和匪亂的研究,呈現出了中共建政過程更為複雜的歷史面相,也在很大程度上改變了以土地改革為建政中心事件的歷史敘事。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;letter-spacing:.3pt">」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn33" name="_ednref33"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;letter-spacing:.3pt;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">[33]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; color:windowtext;letter-spacing:.3pt"> 與此類同的還有曹樹基教授的〈</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">「大户加征」: 江津县</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">1950年的征粮运动</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;letter-spacing:.3pt">〉</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; color:windowtext;letter-spacing:.3pt">和〈</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif">江津县减租退押运动研究</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;letter-spacing:.3pt">〉兩篇論文。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; color:windowtext;letter-spacing:.3pt;">曹文指出:「</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">為增加財政收入、緩解政府壓力而進行的</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3&quot;,serif;Lucida Grande&quot;;Lucida Grande&quot;;">『</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">大戶加徵</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3&quot;,serif;Lucida Grande&quot;;Lucida Grande&quot;;">』</span><span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">與</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3&quot;,serif;Lucida Grande&quot;;Lucida Grande&quot;;">『</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">減租退押</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3&quot;,serif;Lucida Grande&quot;;Lucida Grande&quot;;">』</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">是實質性的土改,而土改中的分配土地,只具有像徵的意義。在實踐的層面上,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3&quot;,serif;Lucida Grande&quot;;Lucida Grande&quot;;">『</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">大戶加徵</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3&quot;,serif;Lucida Grande&quot;;Lucida Grande&quot;;">』</span><span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">與</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3&quot;,serif;Lucida Grande&quot;;Lucida Grande&quot;;">『</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">減租退押</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3&quot;,serif;Lucida Grande&quot;;Lucida Grande&quot;;">』</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">的本質是徵糧,而土改中分配土地的目的之一,也是徵糧。這是因為,經歷過</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3&quot;,serif;Lucida Grande&quot;;Lucida Grande&quot;;">『</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">大戶加徵</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3&quot;,serif;Lucida Grande&quot;;Lucida Grande&quot;;">』</span><span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">與</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3&quot;,serif;Lucida Grande&quot;;Lucida Grande&quot;;">『</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">減租退押</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3&quot;,serif;Lucida Grande&quot;;Lucida Grande&quot;;">』</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">之後,地主階級已經無力承擔高額的農業稅,而分配土地,就成為調整稅基的最好方式。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;letter-spacing:.3pt;">」大陸青年學者劉詩古依據新的史實,得出了如下對官方敘事極有顛覆性的結論</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn34" name="_ednref34"><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:black;">[34]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;letter-spacing:.3pt;">:</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="left" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: DFKai-SB;">我們可以形成關於土地改革的三點新認識。其一,</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">1949-1950</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: DFKai-SB;">年,中南區各地農民已自發不向地主交租,這實質上意味著土地產權關係已發生變化。佃戶擁有了該塊土地的使用權和收益權,轉讓權被中共禁止,地主對土地沒有了任何實質意義上的權屬佔有,「土改」已經發生。其二,為了避免在收不到地租的情況下,繼續承擔一年兩季甚高的階級累進農業稅,地主階級多希望政府早日土改,而並非如過去所言的那樣,地主階級對「土改」進行著頑強的抵抗和垂死的掙扎。其三,中共政權在新解放地區有意實行農民繼續交租,隨後依法減租的政策,刻意推遲「土改」時間,以便有充分理由對地主階級徵收高額的階級累進稅,增加國家財政收入。</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">在填補以往研究的空白方面,會議的其他參加者們也很有建樹。大陆华东师范大学博士后研究生刘志递交了一篇题名为</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">國共內戰中的土改難民(</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1945-1949)</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉的論文,揭開了土改史研究中一個長期無人注意的側面:</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">土改难民</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」現象。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">国共内战期间,因中共在解放区的暴力土改,造成的空前的人道灾难&#8212;&#8212;</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">土改难民</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">竟達</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">近四千万之多!</span><span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">北美女學者李江琳是研究藏族和西藏問題的專家,這一次卻爲會議提供了題名為</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">中共在民族地區的土地改革:以雲南為例</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">的論文</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">,爲學界瞭解雲南少數民族地區的土地改革提供了難得的窗口。其實,也有少數中共的幹部比較務實,對暴力土改有所抵制。原澳門大學教授</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">程惕潔的<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">〈</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">內蒙東部「溫和土改」與烏蘭夫的文革倒台</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">一文告訴我們:原</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">中共國家副主席烏蘭夫,在主政內蒙</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">20</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">年間(</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">1946-1966</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">年),曾在東北解放區土改運動中,成功抵制並及時修正東北局的左傾政策,推行過著名的</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">「</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">三不兩利</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">」</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">政策(不分、不鬥、不劃成分;牧主、牧工兩利)。這一政策取得了極好的效果,使內蒙在大饑荒時期,接收並救助了幾十萬內地流民,并以餘糧支援了京津滬。但是,這些都成爲文革中他被毛澤東和周恩來整肅倒臺的原因。</span></p><div>&nbsp;</div><div><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2019/Sep/9222019WCD.jpg" width="682" height="511" alt="" />&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<em><span style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">加拿大維多利亞大學</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">吳國光</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">教授在研討會上發言</span></em></div><div><em>&nbsp;</em></div> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 在中國知識分子中,也不乏有逆中共的暴力洪流行舟,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">憑著一己之力大聲疾呼、反對中共土改的先知。本次會議有兩篇論文介紹了當年上書毛澤東的著名農業經濟學家董時進先生 。</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">北美學者丁凱文的</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing: .3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">董時進</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">vs</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">毛澤東</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"> &#8212;&#8212;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">中共土改的回顧與辨析<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt">〉</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">非常詳細地梳理了董先生在他一系列著作中</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">從根本上質疑毛澤東的土改思想的理論要點。這一總結提綱挈領,使<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">董先生為歲月塵封了七十多年的</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">前瞻性的思想得以發揚光大。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">大陸學者,原北京大學社會學教授鄭也夫先生也遞交了一篇論及四位的公共知識分子對土改態度的長文<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">〈</span>土改中的四位公共知識分子<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">〉</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt">。那四位公知,除了堅決反對中共土地改革的董時進先生,還有清華大學和人民大學的吳景超教授;清華大學和中央民族學院的費孝通教授和清華大學的潘光旦教授。在土地改革問題上,后三者和董時進先生不同,他們都在一定程度上支持土地改革。當然,他們都反對暴力土改。另外,他們的身份既是自由派知識分子,又都是當年中共在内戰中的同盟軍&#8212;&#8212;民盟的主要成員。由於對中共的本質缺乏清醒的認識,他們都沒有像董時進先生那樣,果斷地選擇流亡海外,而是接受了中共的統戰和洗腦。最後,他們竟然都接受和認同了中共的暴力土改。因此,這一論文實際上已經把探索拓展到整個中國知識分子和土改關係的嶄新領域。在該文的結尾中,鄭也夫教授對知識分子的集體投降進行了深入的思考,提出了諸如</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">保守主義的缺失</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">封建話語權上的放棄</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">和</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">土改中的冷血和自私</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">等原因。最後,他的總結給人以經久的震撼:</span></p> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.2in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-justify:inter-ideograph">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.2in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:FangSong;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></strong><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: DFKai-SB;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;">中國知識分子集體贊同暴力土改,是中國文化精英的良心泯滅,是中國知識階層的集體投降。認可了這一次強暴,就很難抗拒下一次強暴。認同了對他人的強暴,也就極難阻擋對自身的強暴。因此土改中知識階層的表現是決定性的,所謂初戰就是決戰,從此他們在與中共的博弈中,如同小兒,任憑擺弄。</span></span></p> <p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">對中共暴力土改的新探索和新思考,一直是這次會議的重點所在。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">中共爲什麽一定要使用暴力土改?對此學界有過種種有意義的探讨。例如,清華大學的秦暉教授認爲:</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">農民也許不會為了幾畝地</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">『</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">拋頭顱灑熱血</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">』</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">,但如果共產黨的勝利他們可以得到好處,共產黨的失敗他們就會有生命危險,那當然他們就會容易被高度地動員起來。因此,一定要搞流血土改。</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&#8230;&#8230;<span>有了投名狀就不怕發動不起來了</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn35" name="_ednref35"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:black;">[35]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。 對此,高王凌則提供了一個更擴大的政治框架來理解土改暴力,他認爲</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">他認為中共土改的重點並不是為了分田,而是為了</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">推翻舊的政權,同時建立新的政權組織和政治制度,特別是在基層自下而上地進行重組</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&#8230;&#8230;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">也就是說,中國的土地改革不僅是</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">『</span><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">改朝換代</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">』,而且是『改天換地』,因此它不可避免地要走上『鬥爭土改』的道路</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn36" name="_ednref36"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:black;">[36]</span></span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: &quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。原重慶師範大學外貿學院的譚松教授,因爲堅持對川東地區的土改真相進行獨立調查,被中共開除了公職。對中共的暴力土改,他在實地調查中得出的結論是:</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">中共土改時的大屠殺,自然是要對地主鄉紳和所謂反革命進行肉體消滅,但是,在屠殺過程中所使用的這些手段,它所呈現出的公開性、隨意性、殘暴性、奇特性等,都是為了一個目的:要最大化地製造恐怖,要讓那些活著的人對這個剛剛登場的紅色政權心懷恐懼從而服服帖帖不敢反抗</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn37" name="_ednref37"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:black;"><span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">[37]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">加拿大維克多利亞大學的講座教授吳國光博士則更進一步認爲:</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">激發仇恨,製造仇恨,固化仇恨,既是土改暴力的原因,也是土改暴力的結果;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&#8230;&#8230;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">從而為建立所謂無產階級專政在佔據中國人口百分之八十到九十的農民中打下群眾基礎。隨後,當無產階級專政施展威力時,農民在土地改革中剛剛獲得的土地即被剝奪;土改中的暴力瀰漫,也就為中共政權此後快速地強行收歸土地為國有化鋪平了道路。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn38" name="_ednref38"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; color:black;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">另一個長期以來對家鄉山西省平州縣的土改進行實地調查的學者,澳門大學社會學教授郝志東,則以西方社會學的社會互動的理論,對土改中的暴力進行了深入細緻的分析。他認爲:</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">土改的暴力是幹部之間、幹部與農民之間互動的結果。幹部需要讓農民</span><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">『</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">命運、良心、人道、面子</span><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">』</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">等傳統思想,和地主富農</span><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">『</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">撕破臉</span><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">』</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">,農民也需要接受這種發動,然後暴力土改才有可能。讓幹部</span><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">『</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">放手</span><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">』</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">,讓農會說了算,也經過了一個上下互動的過程。這個過程也是重新定義階級、命運、良心、面子等觀念的過程</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn39" name="_ednref39"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[39]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 論及暴力,與會的學者們還注意到了與土改并行并爲之服務的鎮壓反革命運動。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">關於鎮反運動的學術研究現狀,楊奎松有過論述</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;MS Gothic&quot;;MS Gothic&quot;;">&#8203;&#8203;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">:</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">對於這樣一場聲勢浩大、影響深遠的鎮反運動,至今尚未見多少深入的學術研究。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&#8230;&#8230;在新中國成立後歷次政治運動當中,鎮反運動的作用向來在多數人的心目中是爭議最少的。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">鎮反運動之所以</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「 </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">爭論最少</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">,根據楊楊奎松的說法,是因為</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">共產黨領導之革命政權初創,通過鎮鎮壓反革命運動,以固其根,以立其威,亦向被國人視為情理中事。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn40" name="_ednref40"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[40]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">新生政權的鞏固和奠基是否必須來一場如此大規模而又如此血腥的鎮反運動?北美獨立學者和民主運動理論家胡平在他的論文<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">〈</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">背信棄義</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">+殘暴的史上之最&#8212;&#8212;對中共鎮反運動的蓋棺定論</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">中批駁了這一説法。他認爲</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">:</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">這種評價是基於對鎮反運動性質的嚴重誤解,所以是站不住腳的。」因爲「作為革命政權,中共在建政初期鎮壓大大小小的反革命活動,本是例行公事,是中共各級領導早就在做、而且一直在做的事。既然如此,哪裏還用得著最高領導人特地出面發文件,專門搞成一場大運動呢?由此,我們可以推測,中共發動鎮反運動,其實是借題發揮,是假借鎮壓反革命活動的名義,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&#8230;&#8230;去鎮壓那些並沒有從事過什麽反革命活動的另外的群體。」通過分析毛澤東自己的指示,胡平一針見血地指出: 鎮反運動「是假借鎮壓反革命活動的旗號,對那些只是歷史上曾經反革命而沒有任何現行的反革命活動,並因此得到當局承諾寬大處理的群體算歷史舊賬。」</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">鎮反運動中的重要對象之一是所謂的「反動會道門」。長期以來,對這一課題海内外都缺乏研究。紐約城市大學教授夏明這一次遞交了一篇〈中共摧毀會道門和極權主義的建立〉的長文,填補了一個久違了的學術空白。根據沉實的歷史檔案,夏文首先考證出中共在取得政權之前,對所謂的「反動會道門」是一貫取「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">實用機會主義</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」態度的,「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">從</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1921</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年中共建立到</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1949</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年中共建政,共產黨對會道門是既利用,又打擊</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">。但是,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「從</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1950年到1953年,共產黨對所有的會道門一概定為&#8220;反動會道門&#8221;,開始了全面殘暴鎮壓時期。」「從1954年至今,中共/中共政權對會道門和後來定位為邪教的組織開展了長期監控、露頭就打的高壓常態時期。」在細緻地回溯歷史后,夏文不無幽默地總結道:</span></p> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.2in;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.2in;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:DFKai-SB;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">毛澤東和中共羅列的所有指控</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;">&#8220;反動會道門&#8221;的罪行:落後封建迷信、家長制統治、教主崇拜、陰險殘酷的戒律、被外國勢力操縱利用、稱皇稱帝、對道徒剝削摧殘、騙取錢財、姦污女道徒,等等,今天無一不可以用來起訴中共和它的首領毛澤東。中共對會道門成功的迫害和屠殺,主要是它在毛澤東的領導下能把現代意識形態和政黨方式與現代軍事武器和科學結合起來,建立了具有中國特色的馬克思主義指導的毛主義教門。</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 以上種種,大會都把對中共的土地改革和整個中國當代史研究提高到一個新的水準,為學科建設樹立了開拓性的典範。</span></p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">重審中共土地改革的當代性和挑戰性</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:22.0pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:22.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">在這一國際學術會議召開時,正值中華人民共和國成立七十周年之際。以習近平爲首的中共新一代領導人,正在反歷史潮流的道路上越走越遠。一方面,他們公然取消上世紀八十年代以來改革開放的成果,如領導人的任期制,企圖把</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">已經前行了五十年的歷史車輪拉回到長夜未央的毛澤東時代去。另一方面,他們更加大掩蓋歷史真相的力度,動用國家機器的力量,重新製造出種種光怪陸離的革命神話來。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 在本次會議中,美國威斯康辛大學的郭建教授提供了一篇令人興趣盎然又寻味无穷的論文,</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: DengXian;">即</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">〈</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;Microsoft JhengHei&quot;;">五</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">个《暴风骤雨》中的土地改革</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"> 〉。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">這裡說的五部均以</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">《暴风骤雨》</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">命名的作品包括周立波的長篇小說(</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1948</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">);謝鐵驪執導,于洋主演的黑白故事片(</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">1961</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">);蔣樾、段錦川導演的獨立製作紀錄片(</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">2005</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">);鳳凰衛視的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">5</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">集紀錄片(</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">2012</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">);以及何濤執導,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">2015</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年開拍,至今尚未播放的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">50</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">集電視劇。前两部&#8212;&#8212;周立波的小说和于洋主演的故事片&#8212;&#8212;当然都是服务于中共政治的、</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">被稱作是「中國土改教科書」的紅色經典。在改革開放以後,它們都收到了同名的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">獨立製作紀錄片無論在史實上還是在意識形態上的全面挑戰。然而,在故事片</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DengXian;">《</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">暴風驟雨</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DengXian;">》</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">問世半個多世紀以後,在</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">2015</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年,根據小說</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DengXian;">《</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">暴風驟雨</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DengXian;">》</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">改編的影視作品又在策劃中,即規模頗為可觀的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">50</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">集電視劇《暴風驟雨》,由何濤執導,同年</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">5</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">月</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">19</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">日在黑龍江伊春開機。這部電視劇仍被稱作表現土地改革的「紅色經典」 。但是,據「東北網」,劇本</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「在充分尊重原創的基礎上,進行了大膽的取捨、改編</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&#8230;&#8230;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">在紅色經典的旧瓶中裝上一些如愛情、傳奇、謀殺、復仇之類的離奇情節。對此,郭文一針見血評爲「紅戲粉唱」</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DengXian;">:</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">既符合官方三十年來的民族主義、愛國主義導向,又迎合許多觀眾對匪特傳奇、女中豪傑的戀情,像是一種微妙的妥協,不失為寓宣教於低俗娛樂的典範。」</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">同樣,夏明教授關於中共摧毀會道門和極權主義的建立的論述也并沒有忘卻從歷史中觀照現今。他指出:「人們擔心,當下的中國是否有跡象在倒退到『文化大革命』時期。在完成這篇論文後,我的擔心是:『文革』還有底層造反鬥走資派</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">/當權派,而當下的中國是一個教主似的『領袖』在烏托邦理想的激勵下,對持異議和反對他的『敵人』開始了以極權國家暴力機器為主體的殘酷鎮壓。所以我們該問,中國是否在走向『鎮壓反革命』/ 『鎮壓會道門』時期?</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 捷克的著名作家米蘭.昆德拉曾經說過:</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">民主與專制的鬥爭,在某種意義上便是記憶和遺忘的鬥爭</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:DengXian;">&#8212;&#8212;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"> 中共的種種</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">倒行逆施</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">反而使這次研討會有了獨特的挑戰意義:它是中華民族不泯良知的一次體現;它象徵著海內外知識份子對學術自由的有力堅持;它還是海内外學者共同重構對所謂的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">新中國</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">的集體記憶的不懈努力。</span></p> <p style="text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">除了揭示歷史真相,健全民族記憶外,這一重審毛澤東的土地改革的努力還有什麽另外的當代意義呢?會議的發言和學者們遞交的論文在這方面也有獨特的貢獻。他們一致指出:中共土改對當前中國的影響是一方面造成了執政黨的全面腐敗;另一方面是滯後了中國的現代化。例如,譚松教授的論文</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">〈</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">從土地革命土地改革到土地財政</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">〉指出:因爲中共的土改「用暴力將私有財產變為所謂的公有,然後又用權力將公有變為權貴們的私有」,竟成了中共當前極端腐敗最主要的歷史淵源</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DengXian;">:</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">中共官員腐敗,</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">60%以上都與土地有關</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">一方面,中共這個「</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">党國</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">大地主</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">通過出賣土地養活龐大的地方政府官員</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">;另一方面,「</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">中共各級官員在賣地中大肆私飽中囊。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn41" name="_ednref41"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">[41]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」 旅美作家余傑的思考更爲深入。在參考了衆多西方學者對於台灣式的土地改革對現代化的貢獻后,他指出:</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">人類歷史上,除了歐洲與英美國家(英美加澳紐)之外,僅有三個國家完成開放准入秩序的轉型:日本、南韓與台灣。而這三個國家,都成功地進行了</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「耕者有其田」的土地改革。他認爲:「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">台灣相對而言比較成功的土地改革,或許能為中國未來的土地改革及民主化提供有益的啟發。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn42" name="_ednref42"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">[42]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;多年以來,美國三一學院經濟系教授文貫中博士奔走于京滬之間,大聲疾呼「吾民無土」<a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_edn43" name="_ednref43"><span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">[43]</span></span></a><span>,要求改變大陸的現有土地制度,允許土地私有。這次會議他也遞交了論文〈<span style="color:#201F1E; background:white">暴力剝奪型土改,強制型農業集體化 &#8212;</span></span></span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:#201F1E; background:white;">中國城鄉發展錯序之制度根源</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">〉。這一論文對我們瞭解中共土地改革對現代化的惡果極具啓發性。該文運用<span style="color:#201F1E;background:white">諾獎得主阿瑟</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; color:#201F1E;background:white;">&#183;</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:#201F1E;background:white;">劉易斯</span><a name="_ednref2"></a> <span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">(</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">W. Arthur Lewis </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">)的理論,來分析健康的現代化的轉型要素。<span style="color:#201F1E;background:white">劉易斯認爲:第一拐點是隨著城市現代工商業的不斷擴張,最後一個農村剩餘勞動被城市吸收;</span>第二拐點是城鄉收入差的彌合。為了抵達這個拐點,必須不斷地使最無務農技能和意願,生產力最低,因而最貧困的農戶首先離開農業。唯有這樣,經過市場的反复淘汰,農村留下的勞力的生產效率和收入才會越來越高,農村的人均收入才能向城市的人均收入靠齊。<span style="color:#201F1E;background:white">這不但是劉易斯的預言,也為歐美和東亞的例子所證實。</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:SimSun;color:#201F1E;background:white;">但中國土改的例子恰恰證明,在經歷了最激進的以消滅地主和富農為目標,土地分配最為平均主義的地方,不但農業沒有現代化,而且城鄉收入差居高不下,離開城鄉一體化的理想目標仍十分遙遠。這種對比是發人深省的。</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:SimSun;">其實,</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">在剛過去的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">40 </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">年中,中國遇到了百年未遇的由傳統社會向現代社會轉型的良機。但是由於土地所有權問題無法解決,城市中的</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">戶籍制度依然存在,</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">中國的城鄉二元結構的錯序反而更爲固定化了,中國的現代化歷程會必然地滯後。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; color:#555555;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:#555555;">重審毛澤東土地改革的國際研討會在紐約舉行兩天后便順利結束了。 但無論是與會的學者,還是參與討論的觀眾,都大有言猶未盡之感。 然而,無論對</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:#555555;">新中國</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; color:#555555;">研究作為一門學科建設的推動,還是對當代中國社會要拒絕毛澤東遺產的警告,這個研討會都具有深遠的戰略意義。 </span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif; color:#555555;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:#555555;">為了更全面地反映近十年以來對中共土地改革和它的第一波政治運動研究的新成果,本論文集還收錄了一些會議外的海內外學者的論文。 編者希望:通過這本百萬字的論著,讀者不僅可以看到被中共當政者長期掩蓋了的土地改革、鎮壓反革命等運動的真相,更可以看到史學家們不懈地探索歷史真相、努力健全民族記憶的良知和堅韌。在這一意義上,本書絕不是這一探索的</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:#555555;">結論</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:#555555;">,而是它的新開始。</span></p> <p style="text-indent:.5in">&nbsp;</p> <p align="right" style="text-indent:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;color:#555555;">2019年9月於加州州立大學洛杉磯分校校園</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:22.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:22.0pt; line-height:12.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:22.0pt; line-height:12.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:22.0pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:22.0pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:22.0pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:22.0pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:22.0pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:22.0pt;">&nbsp;</p> <div><br clear="all" /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="edn1"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" ></a><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;PMingLiU&quot;,serif;">注釋:</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[1]</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 黃黎:</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">新中國土改是「歷史錯誤」嗎?</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">,北京:《社會科學報》,</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">2016年1月19日。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn2"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[2]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 見本書所收的</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">由和平走向暴力的廣東土改</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">一文。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn3"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[3]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 宋永毅主編:《中國五十年代初中期政治運動數據庫》,哈佛大學費正清中國研究中心出版,2014年第一版。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn4"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[4]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">中共中央关于印发农村社会主义教育运动中一些具体政策规定的修正草案的通知<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">〉</span></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">(</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">1964年9月18</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">日),載</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">宋永毅主編:《中國文化大革命數據庫》,香港中文大學大學服務中國研究中心出版,</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">2014年第三版。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn5"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[5]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 同上。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn6"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[6]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 「土改情結」這一提法,見顏智華</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"><a href="https://www.bannedbook.org/bnews/zh-tw/tag/%e4%b8%ad%e5%85%b1/" title="標籤 中共 下的日誌"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;">中共</span></a><a href="https://www.bannedbook.org/bnews/zh-tw/tag/%e5%9c%9f%e6%94%b9/" title="標籤 土改 下的日誌"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;">土改</span></a>情結與中共建國后<a href="https://www.bannedbook.org/bnews/zh-tw/tag/%e5%9b%9b%e5%b7%9d/" title="標籤 四川 下的日誌"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;">四川</span></a>涪陵地區的<a href="https://www.bannedbook.org/bnews/zh-tw/tag/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8/" title="標籤 政治運動 下的日誌"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;">政治運動</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉一文。</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">https://www.bannedbook.org/bnews/zh-tw/baitai/20190427/1119842.html</span></p> </div> <div id="edn7"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[7]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> <a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/">https://baike.baidu.com/item/</a>中华人民共和国宪法#3_2</span></p> </div> <div id="edn8"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8"><span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[8]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"> 見本書所收的</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">中共土改时期革命运动法制模式的形成及其历史影响</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn9"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[9]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 宋永毅編:《文革大屠殺》,香港開放出版社,2002年,第16頁。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn10"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[10]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"> 譚合成:《血的神话:公元1967年湖南省道县大屠杀纪实》,香港天行健出版社,2010年。</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">第</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">517-522頁。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn11"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[11]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 熊景明、宋永毅、余國良主編:《中外學者談文革》,香港中文大學出版社,2018年。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn12"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[12]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 同注9,第31、34,116頁。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn13"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[13]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 如高王凌的</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">土改的極端化</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">一文指出:</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">土改過程中約有</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">300至500萬人喪生,他們大多數是中小規模的地主,大多數是被活活打死的</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">。再如</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">土改研究學者、《鄉村社會的毀滅》一書的作者謝幼田也認為,</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">「</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">殺人數目至少是五百余萬人。</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">」</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">紐約:明鏡出版社,</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">2010年,第268頁。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn14"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[14]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Microsoft JhengHei&quot;">冯建辉:</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Microsoft JhengHei&quot;">党对地主富农及其子女政策的变迁</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Microsoft JhengHei&quot;">,《炎黄春秋》,</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">2000</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Microsoft JhengHei&quot;">年</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">12</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Microsoft JhengHei&quot;">期。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn15"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[15]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">向我们的红卫兵致敬!<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">〉載《人民日報》</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt">1966年8月29日。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn16"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[16]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 見本書所收的</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">江津縣減租退押運動研究</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">一文。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn17"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[17]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 毛澤東:</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">團結起來,劃清敵我界限</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉(</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">1952年8月4日),載《毛澤東選集》第5卷,北京:人民出版社,1977年,第67頁。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn18"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref18" name="_edn18"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[18]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈請看紅衛兵的輝煌戰果和巨大功績〉(</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">1966年10月3日),載</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">載</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">宋永毅主編:《中國文化大革命數據庫》,香港中文大學大學服務中國研究中心出版,</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">2014年第三版。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn19"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref19" name="_edn19"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[19]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"> 同注7 。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn20"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref20" name="_edn20"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[20]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"> 罗平汉:《农村人民公社史》,(福州:福建人民出版社),2003年,第30-31页。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn21"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref21" name="_edn21"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[21]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"> 李锐《「大跃进」亲历记(下卷)》,(广州:南方出版社,1999年),第37-8页。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn22"> <p style="margin-right:81.0pt"><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref22" name="_edn22"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[22]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 1962年7月10日中共信</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">陽</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">地委</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">〈</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">關</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">于路</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">憲</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">文在「信</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">陽</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">事件」中所犯罪</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">惡</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">的</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">處</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">分决定(草稿)〉</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">見</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">余習廣《信</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">陽</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">事件</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">責</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">任人</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">認罪書集</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">》未刊稿,余習廣提供。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn23"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref23" name="_edn23"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[23]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 《中華人民共和國土地改革法》(1950年6月28日),載宋永毅主編:《中國五十年代初中期政治運動數據庫》。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn24"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref24" name="_edn24"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[24]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"> 杰克&#183;贝尔登著,邱应觉等译:《中国震撼世界》,北京出版社,1980年,第614页。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn25"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref25" name="_edn25"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[25]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"> 马若孟著,史建云译:《中国农民经济&#8212;&#8212;河北和山东的农民发展 1890-1949)》,南京:江苏人民出版社,1999年,第2页。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn26"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref26" name="_edn26"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[26]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"> 廖鲁言:</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">三年来土地改革运动的伟大胜利</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">(</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">1952年9月26日),载中国社会科学院、中央档案馆:《中华人民共和国经济档案资料选编(1949-1952)&#183;农村经济体制卷》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1992年。第414页。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn27"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref27" name="_edn27"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[27]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"> 見本書所收的</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">土地改革对农村生产力和农村社会生活的损害和影响</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">一文。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn28"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref28" name="_edn28"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[28]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">土改未结合生产形成严重丢荒现象芦荻乡领导已作检讨<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">〉</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">, </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">《新黔日报》</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">(</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">1951年9月9日),载贵州省档案馆编:《</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">黔地新生:解放初期贵州土地改革档案文献选编</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">》,贵阳:贵州人民出版社,</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">2011年,第150-152页。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn29"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref29" name="_edn29"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[29]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">莒南上半年生产工作总结</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">,临沂市档案馆馆藏档案:</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">2-1-32 。此处转引自王友明著:《革命与乡村:解放区土地改革研究, 1941-1948,以山东莒南县为个案》,上海社会科学出版社。2006年,第173页。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn30"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref30" name="_edn30"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[30]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"> 转引自王友明著:《革命与乡村:解放区土地改革研究, 1941-1948,以山东莒南县为个案》,第172页。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn31"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref31" name="_edn31"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[31]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 見本書所收的</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">耕者無田與耕者有田:中國與台灣土地改革之比較<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt">〉</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">一文</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn32"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref32" name="_edn32"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[32]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 見本書所收的</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">是土地改革?還是通往國家農奴制之途?&#8212;有關北韓和北越土改的思考</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">一文。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn33"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref33" name="_edn33"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[33]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 見本書所收的</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">土改的前奏曲:中共建政時期徵糧問題再探討</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">一文。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn34"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref34" name="_edn34"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[34]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"> 見本書所收的</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">征粮、「春荒」与减租退租:对土地改革的再认识</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">一文。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn35"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref35" name="_edn35"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[35]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 見本書所收的</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">秦暉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif">暴力搞土改是逼农民纳「投名状」</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">一文。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn36"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref36" name="_edn36"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[36]</span></span></span></a> <span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">高王凌:</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">土地改革:</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">「</span><span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">改天換地</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">」</span><span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">的社會變動</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">,載《土地制度研究》(第一輯),北京:知識產權出版社,</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">2012</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">年。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn37"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref37" name="_edn37"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[37]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 見本書所收的譚松的</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">土改運動中的殺人和酷刑特性</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">一文</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn38"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref38" name="_edn38"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[38]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 見本書所收的吳國光的</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">以暴力型塑政治:中共為什麼要在土改中實行暴力?</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">一文。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn39"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref39" name="_edn39"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[39]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 見本書所收的</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">社會互動與暴力土改:以山西省平州縣為例</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">一文</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn40"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref40" name="_edn40" ></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;">注釋:</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU-ExtB&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU-ExtB&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[40]</span></span></span> <span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;">楊奎松:〈新中國鎮反運動始末(上)〉,載安徽省政協文史委員會:《江淮文史》</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU-ExtB&quot;,serif;">2011</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;">年第</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU-ExtB&quot;,serif;">1</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;">期第</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;PMingLiU-ExtB&quot;,serif;">6-24</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;">頁</span></p> </div> <div id="edn41"> <p style="line-height:12.0pt"><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref41" name="_edn41"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[41]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 見本書所收的</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;, serif;">從土地革命到土地改革到土地財政</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;letter-spacing:.3pt;">〉</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">一文。</span></p> </div> <div id="edn42"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref42" name="_edn42"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[42]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;"> 見本書所收的</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif; letter-spacing:.3pt;">〈</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">耕者無田與耕者有田:中國與台灣土地改革之比較<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">〉</span></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">一文</span></p> </div> <div id="edn43"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85–%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9.docx#_ednref43" name="_edn43"><span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;">[43]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">文貫中:《吾民無土》,北京:東方出版社,</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">2014</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Adobe Fangsong Std R&quot;,serif;">年。</span></p> </div> </div>