<p style="padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px; font-size: 19px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; background-color: #ffffff;">从1945年至1990年，德国一分为二。10月7日是东德成立70周年。30年前，它已经在一场和平革命之中灭亡。但是，历史的伤痕至今尚未痊愈。</p><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 7px 20px 10px 0px; float: none; width: 700px; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" link="/overlay/image/article/50733083/16842041" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0087eb; text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;"><img itemprop="image" src="https://www.dw.com/image/16842041_303.jpg" title="DDR Mauer 1990 (picture-alliance/ZB)" alt="DDR Mauer 1990 (picture-alliance/ZB)" style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 700px; height: auto;" /></a><p style="padding: 4px 0px; color: #888888; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; width: 720px;">1990年，挂在柏林墙上的东德国旗</p></div><div style="margin-bottom: 30px; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei";"><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">（德国之声中文网）1949年10月7日，德意志民主共和国（GDR，即东德）宣告成立。这是当时的第二个德国。四个月之前，德意志联邦共和国（FRG，即西德）已经成立。此时，距离第二次世界大战结束已有四年。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">德国的分裂缘于战胜国的两个阵营。一方是美国、法国和英国，另一方是苏联。他们携手并肩打败了法西斯德国，1945年赢得胜利之后又分道扬镳。</p><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 7px 20px 10px 0px; float: none; width: 700px; clear: both;"><img itemprop="image" src="https://www.dw.com/image/50722132_7.png" title="Karte Deutschland vor der Wiedervereinigung EN" alt="Karte Deutschland vor der Wiedervereinigung EN" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 700px; height: auto;" /><p style="padding: 4px 0px; color: #888888; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; width: 720px;">1990年德国统一之前的两德地图</p></div><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">西方盟国在西德建立了议会民主制度，而苏联领导人斯大林却将他的独裁统治扩大到整个东欧。苏联-东欧阵营政治体制的普遍特征是：计划经济，没有法治，没有新闻自由，没有迁徙自由。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">直到1989/1990年铁幕倒塌之前，波兰、匈牙利、罗马尼亚和东德等等国家的人民都被迫生活在这样的体制之中。在意识形态上，他们自称人民民主体制，但实际上是专政统治。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">因为特殊的地理位置和政治原因，东德在苏东集团内扮演的角色非同寻常。放眼西望，即是自由的欧洲。更为特别的是，在它的领地之内，有一个自由的飞岛–西柏林。柏林曾经是纳粹首都，每个战胜国都想瓜分一块，于是就有了分属于自由社会和专制社会的西柏林和东柏林。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; color: #000000;">柏林墙阻止了逃亡大潮</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">在分裂的柏林，资本主义和社会主义的竞争结果形成鲜明对照。由于不能忍受东德的经济落后和思想控制，1961年之前，在这个总共300多万人口的城市里，就有超过100万人从东柏林逃到西柏林。1961年建立的柏林墙阻断了这场大逃亡。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">柏林墙让东西德更加隔膜。但是，西德总理威利·勃兰特（Willy Brandt）对东德实施缓和政策，实现了1970年代两国之间的友好外交。来自社民党的勃兰特因为推动欧洲内部的和解努力获得1971年诺贝尔和平奖。 1973年，两个德国均成为联合国正式成员。</p><div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei";"><div style="width: 720px; float: left;"><div data-id="18032698" data-title="从前有一堵柏林墙" data-date="20141109" data-firstcategory="19990022" style="float: left; width: 700px; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 30px; background-color: #000000; position: static !important;"><ul style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: inside none; overflow: hidden; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; position: relative; width: 700px; height: 572.42px;"><li style="background-image: url("../cssi/list-blip.png"); background-position: 1px 10px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; min-height: 544px; display: block; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 16;"><div style="float: left; position: relative; width: 700px; height: 394px; overflow: hidden; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: #111111; clear: both; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 10; cursor: pointer;"><img itemprop="image" src="https://www.dw.com/image/17914207_303.jpg" title="Bildergalerie Mauerfall" alt="Bildergalerie Mauerfall" style="width: 700px;" /></div><div style="position: relative; left: 0px; bottom: 0px; z-index: 11; width: 700px; margin: 0px; padding: 15px; box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: auto; min-height: 150px;"><div><a href="http://dw.de/p/1DJ9O" target="_self" rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; display: block; float: right; margin: 0px; height: 15px; padding: 3px 25px 3px 20px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 15px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif; background: url("../cssi/i-b-grey-flat.png") right -2400px no-repeat;">更多</a></div><h4>从前有一堵柏林墙</h4><h2>不再令人害怕的高墙</h2><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: #bbbbbb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; width: auto;">早在柏林墙开放前48小时，这个之前的死亡地带就已不再令人感到恐惧。此刻，人们不仅在柏林墙两侧庆祝，还爬上了这道水泥墙。东西德人重新成为一个整体。</p></div></li></ul><br /><div style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; height: 40px;"><div style="position: relative; z-index: 100; left: 6px; bottom: 0px; width: 678.991px; overflow: hidden;"><div style="float: right;"><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif; display: block; float: left; width: 16px; height: 12px; background: url("../cssi/icons-pagination.png") -80px -80px no-repeat;"></a><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif; display: block; float: left; width: 16px; height: 12px; background: url("../cssi/icons-pagination.png") -120px -80px no-repeat;"></a><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; 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font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">2</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" id="p2" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">3</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" id="p3" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">4</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" id="p4" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">5</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" id="p5" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">6</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" id="p6" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">7</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" id="p7" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">8</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" id="p8" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">9</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" id="p9" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">10</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" id="p10" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">11</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" id="p11" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">12</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" id="p12" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">13</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" id="p13" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">14</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" id="p14" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">15</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" id="p15" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei", sans-serif;">16</a></span></div></div></div></div></div><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; color: #000000;">戈尔巴乔夫加速了东德崩溃</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">尽管如此，东德的好命不长，经济上陷入困境。历史学家弗兰克·博斯（Frank Bösch）接受德国之声采访时说，经济困难是东德独裁政权垮台的主要原因之一。博斯是位于波茨坦的莱布尼兹当代历史中心（ZZF）的主任。他举例说，东德对西方国家欠下了大量债务。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">博斯说，另一个原因是民众的普遍不满。"这表现为一种难以置信的逃离欲望。" 1985年，戈尔巴乔夫（Mikhail Gorbachev）执掌苏联政权。他被认为是政治改革家。很多东德人满怀变革期待，但是当时的东德领导人昂纳克（Erich Honecker）仍然冥顽不化。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">东德人民不仅涌上街头游行示威表达愤怒，而且还"用脚投票"，通过申请旅游许可逃离东德。在两年之内，旅游文件申请数量翻倍，从53,000增长至105,000以上。但是，只有一小部分申请可望得到批准。</p><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 7px 20px 10px 0px; float: none; width: 700px; clear: both;"><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%86%A5%E8%AF%9E%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C/a-50733083#" link="/overlay/image/article/50733083/15962186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0087eb; text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;"><img itemprop="image" src="https://www.dw.com/image/15962186_401.jpg" title="Montagsdemonstrationen Leipzig 1989 (picture alliance/Kimmo Mantyla)" alt="Montagsdemonstrationen Leipzig 1989 (picture alliance/Kimmo Mantyla)" style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 700px; height: auto;" /></a><p style="padding: 4px 0px; color: #888888; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; width: 720px;">“自由不可分割”：1989年10月23日莱比锡民众的“周一游行”</p></div><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; color: #000000;">东德最后一次"国庆"</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">昂纳克和他的国家安全部（俗称史塔西，Stasi）再也无法阻止东德的崩溃。其他东欧国家，尤其是波兰和匈牙利，抗议运动也如火如荼。历史学家博什说，抗议之所以可能，是因为苏联不再派兵支持这些国家独裁者的镇压行动。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">1989年10月7日，共产党政权举行了最后一次"国庆"：德意志民主共和国成立40周年。一个月后的11月9日，柏林墙倒塌了。墙内墙外欢歌笑语。尽管如此，那还不是东德的丧钟。1990年10月3日，德国统一，共产党东德成为历史。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; color: #000000;">东德的历史还将延续到2070年</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">"柏林墙和其他历史标志，影响力如此强大，在未来一段时间内，它们仍将在人们的记忆中历历在目。"博什指出，根据纳粹主义遗害的消除经验，共产党东德的历史篇章，要到70或者80年以后才会彻底终止。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: "MS Song", "MS Hei"; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">回顾德国分裂之前的纳粹主义时代，博什发现历史的黑暗篇章直到现在才慢慢结束，因为"最后的证人已经辞世"。根据这个史实推算，德国人民要等到2070年才能走出东德的阴影。</p></div></div>