<br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">最近以来,天体物理学界连续发生了三件大事。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">月底,美国国家航空暨太空总署(</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">NASA</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">)宣布,他们的一颗巡天卫星发现距离太阳系仅</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">31</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">光年的可能适于人类生存的行星,命名为</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">GJ357d</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">。发现者是一个国际团队,其负责人、天文学副教授卡特内格发声明,认为“这是可能孕育生命的首个人类附近的超级地球。”对于这颗“超级地球”,科学家们已知的是:距离我们约</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">31</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">光年,其质量至少是地球的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6.1</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">倍,每</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">55.7</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">天绕行其小恆星公转一周,表面温度为零下</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">53</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">摄氏度,如果有水,应该是以冰冻状态存在。其他的就有待于继续发现了。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">更加激动人心的消息接踵而至:一个月后,即</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">月中旬,一个欧洲研究团队和北美团队先后发布报告,宣称发现一颗代号为</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">K2-18b</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">的行星上有岩石表面并大气含水。已知的是:位于狮子座,距离地球</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">110</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">光年,其质量是地球的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">倍。估计温度在摄氏</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">47</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">度到零下</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">73</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">度之间,估计有液态水存在,估计有海洋,甚至会下雨。科学家们说:在目前所发现的超过</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4000</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">个太阳系外行星中,这是第一个已知有岩石表面以及大气含水的行星。这两个条件很重要,大部分有大气层的系外行星是气态巨行星,由岩石构成的很少,而且都没有大气层。即使有大气层,大多数与地球类似的行星不是距离自己的恆星太远,无法有液态水存在,就是距离恆星太近,所有水分都被蒸发了。因此,科学家们认为,对于可供人类移居而言,“在我们的太阳系外,这个行星是最佳候选星球。”但是这两个研究团队都十分谨慎,强调“这绝对不是第二个地球。”“不是(可供人类移居的)所谓‘地球</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2.0</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">’。”科学家瓦德曼表示,考量到</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">K2-18b</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">的质量,要在它的表面行走将相当困难,而且辐射的强度也足以让人类很快罹患癌症。他开玩笑说:“也许并不是很好的度假地点。”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></em></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></em></span></p><div> </div><div><em><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN"></span></span></span><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2019/Oct/10272019PLAN1.jpg" alt="" width="624" height="351" /><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN"></span></span></span></em></div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt"> </span></span><em><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">新近发现的“超级地球”</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">K2-18b</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">的想象图</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">距地球</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">110</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">光年,质量可能是地球的</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> 6~10 </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">倍,可能大部分由岩石构成,可能有类似地球的大气层和水。</span></span></em><em style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></em></p><div> </div><p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">再过一个月,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">月</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">日,</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2019</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓,一位美国两位瑞士科学家获奖。与“超级地球”或“地球</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2.0</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">”密切相关的是两位瑞士科学家马约尔和奎洛兹,他们是太阳系外行星的首先发现者。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">24</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年之前,他们宣布首次发现太阳系之外的一颗行星,它围绕一颗类似太阳的恆星运转。这一发现开启了天文学的一场革命,从此之后,科学家们陆续发现了</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4000</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">多颗系外行星。瑞典皇家科学院常任秘书戈兰·汉松评价说:今年的获奖研究为“我们理解宇宙演化和地球在宇宙中的位置作出了贡献”。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">最具新闻看点的是,三位获奖者之一、第一颗系外行星的共同发现者、瑞士天体物理学家米歇尔·马约尔(</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Michel Mayor</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">)表示:想要在可预见的一段时间内看到人类移居“另一个世界”几乎是不现实的。与其在系外类地行星探索上耗费大量资源,不如努力让地球保持健康,而不是幻想着在有生之年离开地球。为了阐明这一观点,马约尔在接受法新社采访时,拿离我们太阳系最近的可能适宜人类居住的系外行星举了个例子(我估计就是</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">月份</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">NASA</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">宣布的那颗距离太阳系仅</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">31</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">光年的行星),他认为,就是这颗最近的,离我们也实在是太遥远了。即便我们认定一颗行星是宜居的,且人类能够在其地表自由、安全地存活,我们也难以有切实有效的途径抵达。距离、时间、安全,每一个因素都能一票否决。换言之,想要我们的文明迁往新的星球,基本上就是一个遥不可及的梦。与其做梦,不如好好照顾我们这颗依然美丽、且绝对宜居的地球。这位天体物理学家对“人类毁灭了地球,就可以跑到另一颗星球”之类的观点嗤之以鼻,称之“完全是疯掉了”。理由是当前人类还没拥有星际“救生艇”,并可能永远也见不到那天。虽然新技术或许有助我们探索其它世界,甚至跑遍太阳系的每一个角落,但人类还是不可能全部打包逃离太阳系的。最好的办法,还是让地球一直正常运转下去。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">——真不容易,终于看到了一个明白人!</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p><div> </div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2019/Oct/10272019PLAN2.jpg" alt="" width="641" height="427" /><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2019</span></em></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者,瑞士天体物理学家米歇尔·马约尔(</span></em></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Michel Mayor</span></em></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">)认为:“想要我们的文明迁往新的星球,基本上就是一个遥不可及的梦。与其做梦,不如好好照顾我们这颗依然美丽、且绝对宜居的地球。”</span></em></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></em></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">马约尔的这一番话不能不令人想起霍金。多半他就是冲着霍金去的。著名的英国物理学家斯蒂芬·霍金曾多次谈到人类必须离开地球,实行星际移民。因为在热核战争、气候变化、小行星撞击、机器人等此起彼伏的威胁下,人类延续的唯一希望就是离开老地球,寻找新地球。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2010</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年,霍金认为这个时间点是</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">200</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年:地球将在</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">200</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年内毁灭,而人类要想继续存活只有一条路:移民外星球。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2016</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年,时间点变成</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1000</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年——霍金在一次演讲中说:“如果不逃离这个脆弱的星球,我认为人类的生存时间还剩下不到</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1000</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年。”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2017</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年,时间点是</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">100</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年——霍金警告:人类在地球上生活的年限仅剩下</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">100</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年。在未来的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">100</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年内,人类必须离开地球,到外太空寻找可能居住的星球,否则将面临灭亡的命运。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">——简而言之,霍金的预测误差太大。到底是</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">100</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年、</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">200</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年还是</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1000</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年?可以理解的是,这种事本来就不好预测。到底是多少年并不重要,霍金所传达的是一种紧迫感。天体物理学家马约尔说得对,“人类还是不可能全部打包逃离太阳系的。最好的办法,还是让地球一直正常运转下去。”他还有一句话说透彻了:“距离、时间、安全,每一个因素都能一票否决。”排除距离、时间因素,仅就引力、温度、空气、水来说,也同样是“一票否决”。我们必须找到一颗与地球质量相仿的行星。质量大引力就大,我们的骨骼肌肉恐怕承受不了几倍的重力。新近发现的两个近地行星的质量,一颗是地球的</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">倍,一颗是</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">倍。一个</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">70</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">公斤的人,就变成</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">420</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">公斤到</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">560</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">公斤,就连在地上爬行都很艰难。质量和引力小一点呢?也不行,骨骼、肌肉会退化,人体循环系统会失调,血液会集中于大脑,免疫系统也会弱化。温度呢?以所谓的“超级地球”为例,表面温度为摄氏零下</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">53</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">度,异常寒冷。科学家们认为,如果这颗行星拥有足够密实的大气层,就可以吸收足够的热量,让这个“超级地球”逐渐变暖且在行星表层形成液态水。——让一颗星球升温几十摄氏度,人类是不可能做到的。为了避免温室效应灾难,全球政府试图控制两个摄氏度尚且做不到,又谈何到</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">31</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">个光年之外去控制几十个摄氏度呢?大气层的构成、水的成分,任何一点点与地球之间的小小的偏差,就足以让星际殖民者们灰飞烟灭。那末,建立一些密封的居民点呢?想想“生物圈</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">号”实验就行了。我至今百思不得其解:为什麽不继续创建“生物圈</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">3</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">号”模型?想必是成功的可能太渺茫,或者干脆意识到不可能建立一个人工的生态平衡系统。好,那么接下来的问题就是:连在地球上建一个小尺度的自洽的生态系统都做不到,却硬要去幻想星际移民!是“完全疯掉了”吗?是商业炒作吗?是骗取研究经费吗?其背后的原因不管是什麽,但绝不是理性与科学。还是马约尔说得对:“人类注定永远生活在地球上。”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p><div> </div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:SimSun;color:#2D2D2D; mso-font-kerning:0pt"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2019/Oct/10272019PLAN3.jpg" alt="" width="633" height="412" /><br /></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW"></span></em></span></p><div> <span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW"><em>位於美國亞利桑那州的“生物圈二號”全景。</em></span></em></span></div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang="ZH-TW">耗资巨大的“生物圈二号”实验的失败,证明了人类、人类理性与科技崇拜之虚妄。</span></em></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">如果认真研究霍金的预言,就会发现他移民外星的理由可分为两大类。一类是“地球毁灭论”,另一类是“人性贪婪论”。在媒体上反复炒作的是“地球毁灭论”,他对人性的洞悉却被忽略了。在某次访谈中,霍金提及了古巴导弹危机、政治的争斗以及人类无限掠夺的本性,他认为:“由于人类基因中携带的‘自私、贪婪’的遗传密码,人类对于地球的掠夺日盛,资源正在一点点耗尽……”因此地球面临毁灭。令人费解的是,霍金提出的解决之道却不是抑制这种人性的无限贪婪,而是向外太空移居。那末,谁又能保证“地球</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2.0</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">”不再次被人类毁灭呢?莫非人类的历史就是从毁灭走向新的毁灭,就是一场接一场的蝗灾?霍金正确地认识到人类的自私贪婪是通过基因遗传的,是不可更改的。诚然如是,但人性之恶是可以抑制的。比如宗教,把无限贪婪规范为适度自保,不超越生命的自然需求,从而与大自然保持和谐。即便是无神论者,只要遵循而不是打破人类源远流长的经验、习俗、道德、禁忌,我们的地球家园仍可永续生存。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">让我们回到今年的诺贝尔物理学奖。天体物理学家马约尔对“人类毁灭了地球,就可以跑到另一颗星球”之类的观点嗤之以鼻,称之“完全是疯掉了”。——他可能说对了。其实,只要对人类贪欲稍加抑制,我们的地球便能自我修复。有什麽理由一定要逃离家园而飞往对人类生命充满敌意的外太空?我想,这种“疯掉了”不是生理疾病,而是利益使然。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">就整体而论,现代的科学、科学家已经跟自己的源头和传统离得太遥远了。过去的或传统的科学、科学家以追求真理为天职。那时的科学家就像修道士一样,在忘我的研究中满怀敬畏之心,在探索世界奥秘的过程中充满惊奇、神秘、狂喜等高峰体验。工业革命以来,资本介入科学,一切科技成果全面商业化,科学家成为商品生产传送带上的齿轮和螺丝钉,成为金钱增值的工具。如今,资本特别是大资本强力控制了几乎全部前沿科技,把生命科学、航空航天、集成电路、量子科技、新能源、人工智能、转基因农业等重点领域全部装进了自己的钱袋子。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">金钱化、去神圣化之后的科学超越价值判断,超越人性,超越地球,甚至超越逻辑,所以马约尔说“完全是疯掉了”。我认为他是说对了。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt">2019</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ZH-CN">年</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; 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priority="44" name="Plain Table 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="45" name="Plain Table 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="40" name="Grid Table Light" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="Grid Table 1 Light" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="Grid Table 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="Grid Table 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="Grid Table 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="Grid Table 5 Dark" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="Grid Table 6 Colorful" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="Grid Table 7 Colorful" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="List Table 1 Light" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="List Table 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="List Table 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="List Table 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="List Table 5 Dark" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="List Table 6 Colorful" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="List Table 7 Colorful" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="List Table 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="List Table 3 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="List Table 4 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="List Table 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="List Table 3 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="List Table 4 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="List Table 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="List Table 3 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="List Table 4 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="List Table 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="List Table 3 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="List Table 4 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="List Table 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="List Table 3 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="List Table 4 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="46" name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="47" name="List Table 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="48" name="List Table 3 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="49" name="List Table 4 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="50" name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="51" name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" priority="52" name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" semihidden="true" unhidewhenused="true" name="Mention" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" semihidden="true" unhidewhenused="true" name="Smart Hyperlink" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" semihidden="true" unhidewhenused="true" name="Hashtag" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" semihidden="true" unhidewhenused="true" name="Unresolved Mention" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" semihidden="true" unhidewhenused="true" name="Smart Link" /> <w:LsdException locked="false" semihidden="true" unhidewhenused="true" name="Smart Link Error" /> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]–><!–[if gte mso 10]> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} <![endif]–>