<p style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: DengXian; color: #222222; background: white;">李文亮事件让孤陋寡闻的笔者第一次听到训诫书。而世人一路寻根：</span><wbr style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;">从病毒蔓延世界，到国内封城封省，追溯到封口，定格在一张训诫书<wbr style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;">上。训诫书帮助世界认识今日中国。它让全体中国人在世界面前蒙羞<wbr style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;">：我们的国民还蒙受这样的待遇，我们的首领还操持这样的手段。</p><p style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: DengXian; color: #222222; background: white;">法律上<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">“</span><span style="font-family: DengXian; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">训诫</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">”</span><span style="font-family: DengXian; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">一词较早出现于</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">1964</span><span style="font-family: DengXian; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">年《最高人民法院关于训诫</span><wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">问题的批复》。《批复》指出，法院对情节较轻的罪犯分子不判处刑<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">法，予以训诫。<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">1987</span><span style="font-family: DengXian; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">年的《治安管理处罚条例》规定：</span><wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">不满<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">14</span><span style="font-family: DengXian; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">岁的人违反治安管理的，免予处罚，予以训诫。</span><wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">此处的训诫接近该词汇的本意，即家长对未成年子女的管教。那时训<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">诫尚处在一个狭窄的法律范围中，或犯罪（笔者注：可以明确裁定的<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">）较轻，或犯罪人年龄较轻。不幸的是，以后训诫扩大化，<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">被移植到两个领域。其一，上访。本文对此不予探讨。其二，<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">本文讨论的言论管束。</span></p><p style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: DengXian; color: #222222; background: white;">在李文亮事件中，训诫人是派出所的两名警察。被训诫人是一名具有<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">博士学位的市中心医院的大夫。被训诫的事情是李大夫关于医疗领域<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">的言论。我们还看到，这份训诫书是编号的表格。它说明了管束言论<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">的训诫已经成了制度化的手段。如果说训诫是通过吓唬去约束人们的<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">言论，训诫书说明了它已成为制度化的手段。恐吓可以是口头的。而<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">这份训诫书中被训诫者做了书面回答并签字。它与耳提面命有何差异<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">呢？笔者理解，此乃严格管理之贯彻，免得基层警察对派遣他们实施<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">的训诫敷衍了事。</span></p><p style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: DengXian; color: #222222; background: white;">《中华人民共和国宪法》第<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">35</span><span style="font-family: DengXian; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">条：中华人民共和国公民有言论、出</span><wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">版、集会、结社、游行、示威的自由。对公民言论加以训诫，是违背<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">宪法的。公安部门这么做，就是执法犯法（我不说知法犯法，因为他<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">们的认知，我不确知）。而印制且编号的训诫书就是组织化的、<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">制度化的犯法。李文亮事件演至今日，<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">为这次训诫辩护的言论已经稀少，武汉公安局方面说我们是执行，<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">并未评价这次训诫。笔者要强调的是，<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">在逻辑上对言论的训诫有两种可能的错误。其一是某次训诫，<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">比如李文亮案。其二，对其他人，其他观点，其他事项的言论，<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">就可以训诫吗？笔者对此断然否定。对李文亮案的反思，<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">如果只停留在对他的训诫就不叫反思。因为其言论正确无误。<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">而宪法保护言论自由，意味着不可以因言论不正确就禁止，就训诫。<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">在一个良好的舆论生态中，错误的、片面的言论都会遭遇它的对手和<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">批评者，不需要公安或其他权力部门出场。</span></p><p style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: DengXian; color: #222222; background: white;">这份训诫书的抬头是武汉公安局，如果此类训诫书只存在于武汉公安<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">局事情就简单了。而如果其他省市的公安局，都有此类训诫书，<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">则有理由怀疑和追问：这是高层的默认还是高层的指令。武汉疫情，<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">无论是蔓延规模还是深层原因都指向天下兴亡的问题。每一个有良知<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">的匹夫都该超越武汉，追究中国破坏宪法的根子。</span></p><p style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: DengXian; color: #222222; background: white;">晚清末年，当杨乃武被判死刑时，《申报》鸣冤文章的结尾是一副对<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">子：乃武升天，斯文扫地（乃对斯，武对文，绝妙）。<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">对联中隐含着中国传统社会的规则：如此对待一个有科举功名的人不<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">够文明。笔者并不认同刑不上大夫。赶巧，医生的别名就是大夫。一<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">个警察就医疗上的言论去训诫一个有博士文凭的大夫，放到哪个社会<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">中都是滑稽的。它说明我们的权力运作既背离宪法，又背离传统与常<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">识，真的走到了荒诞的程度。</span></p><p style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: DengXian; color: #222222; background: white;">管制言论早就让中国社会蒙受巨大代价。这次的不同仅在于，上苍以<wbr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">数百条生命警醒我们：言论自由是良好社会的生命线<span style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">。</span></span></p>