<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -6px; color: #666666; font-family: "PingFang SC", Arial, 微软雅黑, 宋体, simsun, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"><h1><br /></h1></div><article id="mp-editor" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; font-size: 16px; color: #191919; line-height: 1.9; overflow: hidden auto; box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; tab-size: 4; overflow-wrap: break-word; width: 640px; font-family: "PingFang SC", Arial, 微软雅黑, 宋体, simsun, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/7684ed36977b4adba2ee898c42726d3d.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="458" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /> </p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><em>白昼战胜黑夜 / Antoni Caba</em></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">持续一个多月的疫情,让我们联想到千百年来,贯穿人类历史的种种灾难。面对令人绝望的境遇,我们应该如何积极而有意义的生存?「灾难」有意义吗?我们又该以怎样的态度反思「天灾」与「人祸」?</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">不管是这次的新型冠状病毒还是过去的SARS病毒,抑或是臭名昭著的埃博拉病毒等等,它们所带来的疾病,在历史上都有一个共同的名字——瘟疫。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">历史上那些悲惨性的瘟疫灾难,是我们无法忽视和逃避的伤痛记忆。人类的文明也借艺术之手,生动形象地记录了那些死亡和毁灭的悲惨瞬间。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">那弥漫着悲哀气息的绘画,穿越时间与空间,令人心悸、不寒而栗,却也让后世可以直观地感受到,曾经瘟疫笼罩下的恐怖气氛,最终直面痛苦,深刻反思,从而尽快地走出灾难的阴影。</p><p style="text-align: center; border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><strong style="font-size: 12pt;">人类历史上八大最严重的瘟疫</strong></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">记住那些灾难和创伤是为了<span style="font-size: 16px;">避免历史重演</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2020/Feb/2152020CORONAVIRUS.jpeg" width="640" height="447" alt="" /> <span style="font-size: 16px;">The plague of the Philistines at Ashdod</span></p><div> </div><div><span style="font-size: 16px;">在所有天灾之中,瘟疫是比较特别的,和地震、台风、火山爆发、海啸不同,这类天灾是突然发生的,不论后果如何严重,也必然很快结束。</span></div><div style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">但瘟疫不同,瘟疫是一个过程,从爆发、扩散到遏制,整个过程都有人的因素在起作用,如果哪个环节有人为延误或不恰当的处理,瘟疫也会成为「人祸」。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">有时候,这样的记忆还不能公开、充分的讨论,保存就变的难上加难。然而,「人祸」的灾难记忆比「天灾」记忆更重要,对后世教育的意义也更深远。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">【1】</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">雅典鼠疫</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Plague of Athens</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">公元前 430 – 前 427</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/c241859ece514beebe7446d0199c02f1.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="510" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Peloponnesian War</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">公元前430一公元前427年的「雅典鼠疫」,发生在第二次伯罗奔尼撒战争期间。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">当疫情初现端倪时,由于长期以来的偏见,雅典人一口咬定是斯巴达奸细在蓄水池中投毒所致。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">非但没有认真防控疾病蔓延,反而将大量人力物力浪费在军事讨伐上,导致问题解决方向完全错误,待找到根源时已乏力回天,最终酿成了这场瘟疫惨剧。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/cb35a8ef71c4406b89dad1ff5cc06377.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="478" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">雅典鼠疫在3年的时间里,几乎摧毁整个雅典,消灭了近一半人口。城内外死伤一片,目光所及之处皆是一片地狱般的残酷景象。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">后来由米希尔·史维特斯所绘的「雅典鼠疫」,生动再现了古希腊史学家修昔底德所描述的那场灾难的景象。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/47daf3b2119f4a4f99d4d43dfacc47d3.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="457" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Plague in an Ancient City, Michiel Sweerts</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">【2】</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">古罗马安东尼瘟疫</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Antonine Plague</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">公元164-180年</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/f6916c89b7564b02a9f3cd14a1fe8a14.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="472" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /><span style="font-size: 16px;">Plague at ashdod,Nicolas poussin</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">尼古拉斯·普桑「阿什杜德的瘟疫」,真实描述了公元2世纪中叶,古罗马安东尼大帝执政时期,突然爆发的「安东尼瘟疫」。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">史学考证认为,「安东尼瘟疫」是镇压叙利亚叛乱后,罗马军队带回罗马帝国的。这群鸣金回营的士兵回城时,除了携带战利品,还有可怕的天花和麻疹,随后在罗马肆虐。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/3f86add81ff94f15a608858b6783af5e.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="360" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">史书描述此病症状为:剧烈腹泻,呕吐,喉咙肿痛,溃烂,高烧或是生了坏疽,感到难以忍受的口渴,皮肤化脓。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">据罗马史学家迪奥卡称,当时罗马一天就有2000人因染病而死,相当于被传染人数的1/4,罗马彻底沦为一座死城。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/4a5329f012ef44efbe92c1a98946587c.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="360" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">瘟疫肆虐期间,连尊贵的罗马帝王都未能幸免。先是维鲁斯大帝于公元169年染病身亡,紧接着其继承人安东尼大帝在公元180年,也因传染而难逃厄运。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/191bcc08655646a3abda5a773fdfa526.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="498" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Blessed Bernardo Tolomeo’s Intercession</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">for the End of the Plague</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">瘟疫足足肆虐了7年才趋于消停。然而,当人们觉得灾难已经过去,从而丧失警惕之时,疾病却在公元191年再度大规模爆发。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">许多村庄从此彻底消散,城市人口也遭遇二次重大损失。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/96efde6909754f208a09b43dad5b8af9.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="384" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">这场持续数年的瘟疫,使罗马约750-1500万人陆续毙命。瘟疫削弱帝国军力,对社会和政治,文学和艺术领域造成毁灭性打击,直接导致罗马「黄金时代」的终结。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/a687c6c27c084c5d89af162909f7c7da.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="427" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">【3】</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">查士丁尼瘟疫</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Plague of Justinian</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">公元541到542</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/2de8fc6e177d45debea5641370c9949a.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="480" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">公元4世纪以后,罗马帝国分裂为东西两部。东部拜占庭帝国以罗马帝国一直试图收复失地,统一罗马帝国,再现往日的辉煌。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">拜占庭帝国的皇帝查士丁尼,决定于公元533年发动对西地中海世界的征服战争。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/9b8f2248961f4e6192eb5480aa8cac71.jpeg" img_width="572" img_height="416" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">然而就在他横扫北非、征服意大利,即将重现帝国辉煌之时,一场空前的瘟疫不期而至,使东罗马帝国的中兴之梦化为泡影。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">公元541年,鼠疫开始在东罗马帝国属地埃及爆发,接着迅速传播到君士坦丁堡及其它地区。最早感染鼠疫的是无家可归的贫苦人,最严重之时,一天就有上万人死去。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/58e7206beab24af795226f60256a1f80.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="360" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">可如此严重的瘟疫,在疫情初期居然被帝国官员们瞒报了。理由很简单:皇帝查士丁尼正在地中海一带兴高采烈地御驾亲征,不可惊扰圣驾。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">直至事态已经演变到失控时,极度恐惧的官员才不得不向查士丁尼汇报,可惜一切都太晚了。死亡人数很快突破了23万人,整个城市尸横遍野,臭气熏天。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/02a42ddde0fc4710887262a1a5f75638.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="320" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">居勒·埃里·德洛内《被瘟疫侵袭的罗马城》描绘的情景,正是「查士丁尼瘟疫」。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">查士丁尼大帝也险些感染瘟疫,恐惧之中下令修建巨大的能够埋葬上万尸体的大墓,以阻断瘟疫进一步扩散。于是大量尸体不论贵贱和长幼,覆压近百层叠葬。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/78051c84706341ce958d37a3cbe3d449.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="400" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">「查士丁尼瘟疫」是地中海世界爆发的首次大规模鼠疫,使君士坦丁堡40%的居民死亡,生活瘫痪,社会秩序严重破坏。鼠疫继续肆虐半个世纪,直至1/4罗马人口丧生。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">这次鼠疫引起的饥荒和内乱,彻底粉碎了查士丁尼的雄心,对拜占庭帝国造成了致命打击,最终使东罗马走向崩溃。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/76bb8d6395e14b4aa111c37158bdce33.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="1190" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Saint Thecla Praying for the Plague-Stricken</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Giovanni Battista Tiepolo</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">【4】</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">中世纪黑死病</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">公元1347-1353</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/34af33627daf48a4a5409acc16f3bec7.gif" img_width="500" img_height="300" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><em>四年间黑死病在亚欧非大陆呈爆发式蔓延</em></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">在人类对抗传染病的历史上,从来没有哪场疾病的恐怖程度,能与发生在14世纪中叶的欧洲中世纪大瘟疫相比。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">引起瘟疫的病菌由黑鼠皮毛内的蚤携带来,始于14世纪的中亚,俗称「黑死病」。一旦发生便迅速扩散,从俄罗斯传至西欧和北非,造成世界7500万生命死亡。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/cc231bc02d604bac967d5161d9455d6b.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="504" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">「黑死病」因患者皮肤上会出现许多黑斑而得名,中世纪欧洲无论是卫生条件还是医疗条件都很差,根本无力抵抗黑死病的入侵,痛苦地死去几乎是必定的结局。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">老彼得·布鲁盖尔于1562年绘制的油画「死亡的胜利」,就通过描绘骷髅过境时的恐怖景象,以天灾亡灵军团的隐喻,纪录了这次让人类历史陷入绝望的黑死病瘟疫。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/07e7e35defbb471295a3d415655448c0.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="455" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">The Triumph of Death, Pieter Bruegel the Elder</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">文艺复兴彼德拉克在信中写道:「我宁愿自己从未诞生:没有天庭的闪电,没有地狱的烈火,没有战争或任何可见的杀戮,但死亡弥漫。有谁见过如此可怕之事吗?」</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/9d561dbe58454d979502e016b8c4bdf0.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="368" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">创作于1446年的壁画《死神的胜利》,被誉为意大利哥特晚期最具代表性的作品之一,描绘的正是瘟疫爆发后死神肆虐的景象。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/57c8d052fa4349daad6c9469f34bcf4c.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="533" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">「下葬队伍的场面」成为此时绘画的常见主题。画中不再是著名君主或圣人,而是去向墓地的无名受难者。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/ad7c721dd3c64d87a117838dfad7d2d1.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="480" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">越来越多人认为黑死病是神降下的惩罚,教堂强调通过宗教仪式进行救赎,而对抗瘟疫的正确方式是忏悔 —— 当时许多绘画,都描绘了受难者接受牧师祈福的场面。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/bdee10845bde4b309fb0214c9ea9c675.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="359" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">死亡,成为严酷的事实。天堂遥不可及,地狱就在人间。以至于中世纪文化中,到处都有瘟疫的影子,人们用这种方式表达社会集体的绝望和沮丧情绪。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/39cd4ca1780d4f0081ae7edeb7f06f28.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="426" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">在1348~1350年间,这场空前的浩劫夺走约2500万-5000万欧洲人的生命,占当时总人口的1/3,曾熙攘喧哗的城市早已沦为空城。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">直至1352年黑死病消失。人们才敢打开门,走上街头,等待日光驱散这皮肤之下、深入骨髓的寒冷绝望。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/171f1d721b8f47f8a40e12505cf5fa0e.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="830" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Saint Roch as Patron of Plague Victims ca. 1623</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">那么这场疫情最终是如何结束的?黑死病超强的致死性,导致大批易感染人群消亡,新的病原携带人数越来越少。而没被感染的人群除了隔离措施到位,很重要的一点就是超强的自身抵抗力。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">因此,当黑死病杀死了自己的所有宿主后,自身也随之完结。这场令中世纪欧洲人闻之色变的疫情,就这样逐渐销声匿迹了。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/243fff628aab41c98f0e04d3a74ac0c9.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="414" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Blessed Bernard Tolomei Interceding</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">for the Cessation of the Plague in Siena</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Giuseppe Crespi</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">【6】</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">米兰大瘟疫</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">The great plague of Milan</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">1629-1631年</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/7602dd609b274a1589e6f9bc7cbf2acf.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="563" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Farewell to Cecilia During Plague in Milan</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Carlo Belgiojoso</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">1629年~1631年爆发的「米兰大瘟疫」,包括伦巴和威尼斯,造成大约28万人死亡,使米兰成为名副其实的「恐怖之城」。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">《米兰大瘟疫》刻画的,正是米兰从天堂一夜堕入地狱的瞬间 —— 尸体多到连运尸车都载不下,市民需付给运尸人不菲的报酬,才能勉强让亲人遗体有一席之地。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/b84ca5ab4c844e1880f37e63d5a54aec.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="448" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">细究根源,这场灾难都是战争惹的祸。1629年意大利正在与德法交战,德法军队联手把瘟疫带到意大利曼图亚。1629年10月,瘟疫波及米兰 —— 伦巴底地区商业中心。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">当疫情初次波及米兰之时,米兰起初迅速启动了教科书般标准的疾病防治措施,包括及时的医护资源,严格的隔离检疫,以及限制士兵与货物出入境等等。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/36d4de3af6a1460dbfa89a952625dafe.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="482" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">然而1630年初春,在米兰举办的一场狂欢节,彻底粉碎了所有医护人员之前的一切努力……在海量民众的交叉感染下,瘟疫如同核弹般迅速引爆,继而彻底失控。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/f7beec20301d468ea7995e5e221ff876.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="447" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">最终,米兰为这场狂欢节付出的代价是什么呢?6万具尸体,大概是米兰当时所有人口的一半。一次节庆,几乎毁灭一座城。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">除了米兰,瘟疫还波及意大利的许多主要城市,包括那不勒斯、伦巴和威尼斯,最终总共造成28万人的不幸遇难。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/583601568b94496ca95732b25b1b8b52.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="495" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">the plague of Naples, Domenico Gargiulo</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">【7】</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">伦敦大瘟疫</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">London Black-death Plague</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">1665-1666</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/7cbffa57b92d4131887becdcb67d7198.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="504" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">「伦敦大瘟疫」是1665年~1666年间,爆发在英国伦敦的大规模传染病,超过8万人死于瘟疫,相当于当时城市人口的1/5。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">瘟疫被确定为「淋巴腺鼠疫」引起的大面积黑死病,瘟疫袭击的第一个地区是伦敦的圣吉尔斯教区。至1665年开春,由于人口激增和卫生条件的恶化,瘟疫开始遍布伦敦城。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/ffbd9f69469c4e54900a5d55a80958c6.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="879" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">同无数类似历史一样,疫情爆发之后,国王查尔斯二世及家人率先逃离伦敦前往牛津郡,留下一城老弱病残,在被木板钉死的房子里听天由命。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">由于瘟疫蔓延的非常之快,不得不将患病者所住房子封死,门外漆上红十字,严禁出入。每天限定时间从窗口送进食物和水。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">成千上万的病人,就是在这种恶劣的情况下凄惨死去,最多时一周死去的就不下万人。熙熙攘攘的伦敦城,竟然完全变成一座寂静的死城。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/6383ba423efe4d21a5a17f2be30cfab7.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="297" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">London Black-death Plague,1665</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">丽塔·格利尔的「大瘟疫」,正描绘了「伦敦大瘟疫」期间的悲惨景象:</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">「所有店铺都关门,街上几乎看不到行人,城内唯一能够不时打破沉寂的工作,便是运尸。每到夜晚,运尸车咕隆咕隆的车轮声和哀婉的车铃声,令人毛骨悚然。」</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/4140a691f87545159a07e72ce8b5733a.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="517" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">The Great Plague,1665</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">记录显示伦敦的死亡人数从每周1000-2000人持续上升,至1665年9月,平均每周已经有7000人死亡。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">幸运的是,在英伦半岛南北接壤处的亚姆村,为了切断瘟疫的传播,率领村民们自愿留下的威廉牧师,一起展开了与瘟疫殊死斗争。最终不幸的是牧师也死于这场瘟疫。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">这个300多人的小村庄最后只活下来33人,也正因为他们无私的自我牺牲精神,成功阻止了黑死病继续向北蔓延,为英伦留下了后花园。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/1f4864d95fb34dc59d3ba11e5609211c.jpeg" img_width="491" img_height="799" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Rescued From The Plague</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">这是伦敦历史上的空前大劫难,却也是道德力量得以显现的时刻。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">在这样的特殊时期,信仰让人们空前团结和虔诚,不同教派的人们摒弃前嫌,在同一个教堂里听取布道,就连铁石心肠的杀人犯也开始忏悔。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/0154c5e45da44245b685f6d7bcd16096.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="876" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">灾难确实改变了人们的生活。大家虽然身处绝境,却依然在同情别然、互相帮助、奉献爱心,保持着理性、坚韧和忍耐。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/08d867eca8f042bfbece6735947cba63.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="862" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Saint Macarius of Ghent Giving Aid to the Plague Victims</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">1666年9月2日伦敦遭遇大火,包括圣保罗大教堂在内的许多著名建筑被付之一炬。但同时也烧毁了大部分遭到感染的房屋,瘟疫状况终于渐趋好转。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/b4b1725fb3db47ba8c290af90dbe1b59.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="780" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">1665年「淋巴腺鼠疫」是英国本土最后一次广泛蔓延的鼠疫。之后,随着英国政府着手大力改善各地区卫生条件,瘟疫的威胁再也没有大规模出现过。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/c0258fd877444c63af2ac169c9b3235b.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="425" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">【8】</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">法国马赛大瘟疫</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Plague in Marseilles</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">1720-1722</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/f0f913ee23ea4b179a4a7a5b17781ea5.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="466" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">View of the course during the plague</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">1720年,法国城市马赛遭逢瘟疫侵袭,是该市有史以来最严重的一次灾难,也是18世纪初欧洲最严重的瘟疫之一。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">这次爆发的「马赛大瘟疫」是典型的人祸。首例疫情出现在前往马赛的商船里,一名土耳其乘客突发疾病暴毙,紧接着主治医生及数名船员也随即染病身亡。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/a99a6c9f41584f04be3e377e4fac06d0.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="360" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">当这艘满载着病毒的「死亡之船」抵达马赛后,港口机关原本下令将其隔绝,但马赛的权势富商拒不从命,因为有大量进口货物积压船上,影响其经济利益。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">于是愚蠢的富商向港口机关施加压力,强制取消这艘商船的隔绝措施。商船入境后,彻底打开潘多拉的魔盒。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/09735d097fcf4417b0a1d8e9e5f3095b.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="707" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">View of the Town Hall during the plague of 1720</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">几天后,瘟疫在市区大面积涌现,医院迅速爆满,城市充满了末世般的恐慌。他们无情地把病人驱赶到大街,任由成千上万的尸体在周围堆积成山。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/5c0da85c6a254698972f787ebf8ac774.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="360" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">经统计,马赛的九万居民中超过半数丧生 —— 这就是商人们为短视付出的代价。这幅作品真实的还原了瘟疫期间,市政人员在港口附近清理积尸的悲哀情景。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/2ca72c1a27f04085a6d6de29c6091a9e.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="430" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">The Plague in Marseilles in 1721,Michel Serre</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">幸而得益于法国政府后续采取的强硬措施,这场瘟疫来得快,去得也快。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">政府规定:若马赛市民与其它地方的人有任何来往沟通,将会被处以死刑。为加强隔离,还建立了一堵高2米,厚70厘米的瘟疫隔离墙,墙后有守卫把守,彻底与世隔绝,终于快速控制住疫情。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/5a0d5e0caaca4daa94e48d50e0a12017.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="428" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">The Wall of the Plague</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">在政府和民众的共同努力下,马赛很快从瘟疫中恢复。截至1765年,人口增长恢复到之前的水平。正是得益于政府的有效措施,这场瘟疫不像14世纪黑死病那么大的破坏性。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/da98ad88fac24002a251a43c669c9f68.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="368" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Saint Augustine vanquishing the Plague of Locusts</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">还有一幅关于瘟疫的画作,就是拿破仑远征埃及时,委托新古典主义画家安托万.让.格罗所做的《拿破仑视察雅法的黑死病军人》。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">画作记录了当时的著名事件,拿破仑军队在雅法(以色列)遭遇黑死病的侵袭。当时流传谣言,说拿破仑将染病的士兵毒死并烧掉。于是恼怒的拿破仑于1799年3月11日亲临雅法,探望染病士兵。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/ed03735680d4417a84aa548814655e98.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="456" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Bonaparte Visits the Plague Stricken in Jaffa</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Antoine-Jean Gros</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">画面中拿破仑不惧被传染的危险,用手亲抚染病士兵的身体以示问候。远处依稀可见雅法古城城墙、法国国旗和炮火硝烟,周围到处是染病及垂死的士兵。拿破仑此举既鼓舞了士气,又一举粉碎了谣言,兵心大振。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">可见无论在任何灾难面前,领袖的精神力量和气概,都如同强心剂,可以为散乱的人心注入勇气与信念,古今皆然。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/9ac9f9e5d3eb4b46926eb68d27da11b6.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="464" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">A monk visiting the victims of the great plague of Milan</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">灾难之于人类,就如同西西弗斯的巨石,是一场永无休止的斗争。当瘟疫猝不及防来袭之时,熟悉的世界瞬间变得陌生,仿佛每个角落都潜伏着杀机。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/1425a954a04243a39654e35e2a709f90.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="392" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">The Tenth Plague of Egypt</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">然而,瘟疫也是与文明的发展同行的。瘟疫使人类获得对新疾病的认知,发明对付疾病的新方法;生命价值观发生改变,国家建立捍卫生命和维护健康的新机制,人类也更加懂得与自然界和动物相处的原则等。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/5201ca2896ac4ff9b1ea1cc3c16075f0.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="510" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">法国作家加缪,在他诺贝尔文学奖的名著《鼠疫》的末尾写到:人类终于「战胜」鼠疫,港口燃起久违的绚烂烟花。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">清醒的人们知道,因着人的屡教不改,瘟疫不死不灭,或许将来某日还将选中另一座城市予以痛击,但加缪借由主角说出了自己的心声:</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">「在今后,当‘恐怖之神’带着它无情的屠刀再度出现之时,那些不甘心慑服于灾难的淫威、把个人痛苦置之度外的正义之士,一定会做些什么。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">因为人的身上,值得赞赏的东西,永远多于应该蔑视的东西。」</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/01d12470d4c54b219f8a5ec53875c0f9.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="483" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">Saint Ludwig Asks to Avert the Plague</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">保留灾难记忆,绝非为沉浸在过去的苦难痛苦之中,而是为避免悲剧重演,走出历史灾难的阴影,实现社会的和解与进步。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">重要的是,我们能否从过去的一场场灾难中不断学习,不断反省。真实的记忆,可以促成人们对历史过错的道歉。其目的不在于追溯施害者的罪责,而是为以全社会的名义承诺,永不再重蹈覆辙。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;"><img src="http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20200209/770d4228552540539897baff54ec34bc.jpeg" img_width="640" img_height="1182" style="margin: 10px auto 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt="" /><span style="font-size: 16px;"><em>Saint Thecla Praying for the Plague-Stricken</em></span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">很多人都说多难兴邦,到底多难是否兴邦?</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">多难本身并不兴邦,关键就在于每一次苦难中的这个邦的人民,是否会长记性,是否能够成长?如果遇到灾难,就不顾一切的裸奔,就互相怨恨的攻击,就龌蹉精致的利己,灾难就永远还是灾难,再来一次还是一样。</p><p style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0.63em; margin-bottom: 1.8em; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0;">只有在灾难中的人民,重塑了爱人如己的信仰,无论这灾难导致了多大的危害,最终都能战胜灾难。让我们坚守希望,静候黑暗过去,迎接曙光再现</p></div></article>