三峡大坝的安全标准按抵御“万年一遇再加10%”的洪水而设计的?

<div></div><div> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><div>&nbsp;</div> <p><a name="_Hlk48546032"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">2020</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">15</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">日出版人民日报旗下的《中国新闻周刊》第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">13</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">期总第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">786</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">期刊登了王亦楠撰写的《三峡三问》。《中国新闻周刊》封面以《三峡三问》打广告,可见文章的重要性。</span></p><div>&nbsp;<img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2020/Aug/8312020WWL.png" width="385" height="502" alt="" /></div> <p> </p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">图</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">:《中国新闻周刊》第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">13</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">期总第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">786</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">期封面,图片来源:网路截屏</span></em></p> <p><br /></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">《三峡三问》中有不少&#8220;金句&#8221;,如:假如原子弹直接命中大坝,其后果只是把大坝炸出一个大缺口;三峡大坝不怕长期浸水,反而会在</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">100</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">年内水越泡越结实等等。</span></div> <p><a name="_Hlk48545970"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">其实,《三峡三问》一文就和三峡工程可行性论证一样充满自相矛盾之处。比如,三峡大坝不怕原子弹和封面上在三峡大坝旁、在三峡水库泄洪背景下荷枪实弹巡逻的武警特种部队,就是一个矛盾体。</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">2013</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">年李克强总理颁布《长江三峡水利枢纽安全保卫条例》,三峡大坝上空不许放风筝,不许放飞无人飞机,并布置</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">4600</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">名武警特种部队,来保卫一座不怕原子弹的三峡大坝。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">本文只分析&#8220;三峡大坝的安全标准按抵御&#8216;万年一遇再加</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">10%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">&#8217;的洪水而设计&#8221;这一论述。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">一、三峡大坝的安全标准按抵御<a name="_Hlk49697401">&#8220;万年一遇再加</a></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">10%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">&#8221;的洪水而设计</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">《三峡三问》的第一个问是&#8220;<strong><span style="font-family: KaiTi;">三峡大坝的安全有保证吗?</span></strong>&#8221;</span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-family:KaiTi;">王亦楠:</span></strong><span style="font-family:KaiTi;">每年汛期来临,关于三峡大坝的安全性就会有各种传言。比如去年</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi">6</span><span style="font-family: KaiTi;">月,一张</span><span style="font-family: KaiTi">&#8220;</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi;">谷歌卫星拍摄到三峡大坝已经变形</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi">&#8221;</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi;">的照片在网上疯传。尽管卫星遥感等专业领域的专家已经出面解答</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi">&#8220;</span><span style="font-family: KaiTi;">大坝变形</span><span style="font-family: KaiTi">&#8221;</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi;">是谷歌卫星影像自身的技术问题导致,中国航天科技集团还用</span><span style="font-family: KaiTi">&#8220;</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi;">牛刀杀鸡</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi">&#8221;</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi;">的方式,拿出</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi">&#8220;</span><span style="font-family: KaiTi;">高分六号</span><span style="font-family: KaiTi">&#8221;</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi;">卫星在三峡大坝上空直接拍摄的完整照片,证明</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi">&#8220;</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi;">大坝笔直、安然无恙</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi">&#8221;</span><span style="font-family: KaiTi;">。</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:KaiTi;">但今年,</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi">&#8220;</span><span style="font-family: KaiTi;">大坝已经变形,一旦溃坝,半个中国将生灵涂炭</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi">&#8221;</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi;">的舆论又甚嚣尘上。甚至网上有人言之凿凿地说</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi">&#8220;</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi;">三峡大坝一直在走动,因为混凝土坝块是一段段摆在基岩上的,受压力和温度影响,必然会发生不同的形变和位移</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi">&#8221;&#8220;</span><span style="font-family: KaiTi;">三峡大坝已经出现裂缝</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi">&#8221;</span><span style="font-family:KaiTi;">等等,引发公众关注,造成极大恐慌。</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:KaiTi;">那么,三峡大坝的安全性到底如何?能否扛住超大洪水的冲击?既然国内外均有溃坝的灾难案例,那么三峡大坝会不会溃坝呢?</span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">王浩:</span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">三峡坝体本身的安全性没有任何问题。第一,大坝本身是按照能抵御</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi">&#8220;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">万年一遇</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi">&#8221;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">的超大洪水而设计。有水文证据可借鉴推演的长江历史最大洪水发生在</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi">1870</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">年,洪峰流量高达</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi">10.5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">万立方米</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi">/</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">秒。三峡大坝的安全标准按抵御</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi">&#8220;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">万年一遇再加</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi">10%&#8221;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">的洪水而设计,即使在洪峰流量高达</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi">12.43</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">万立方米</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi">/</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">秒(这样大的洪水在三峡地区历史记载上从未发生过)的冲击下,大坝本身仍能安然无恙。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">工程院院士王浩称:&#8220;三峡大坝的安全标准按抵御&#8220;万年一遇再加</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">10%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">&#8221;的洪水而设计。&#8221;</span></p> <p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">二、中国关于水库大坝设计与校核的规定</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">为保证水利水电工程及其下游(或保护区)人民生命财产的安全和工程效益的正常发挥,中华人民共和国水利部专门制定《水利水电工程等级划分及洪水标准》。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">水利水电工程等级:按水利水电工程的规模、效益及其在经济社会中的重要性所划分的等级;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">水工建筑物级别:按水工建筑物所在工程等别、作用和其重要性所划分的级别;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">洪水标准:为维护水工建筑物自身安全所需要防御的洪水大小,一般以某一频率或重现期洪水表示,分为设计洪水标准和校核洪水标准。</span></p><div>&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;<img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2020/Aug/8312020WWLS.png" width="495" height="718" alt="" /></div><div><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: KaiTi;">图</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: KaiTi;">2</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: KaiTi;">:现行的《水利水电工程等级划分及洪水标准》,图片来源:网路截屏</span></em></div> <p><em>&nbsp;</em></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">按照《水利水电工程等级划分及洪水标准》,保证水利水电工程及其下游(或保护区)人民生命财产的安全和工程效益的正常发挥,为维护水工建筑物自身安全所需要防御的洪水大小,其防洪标准一般采用设计和校核洪水两级指标,即按设计洪水标准进行设计,用更高一级的洪水标准进行校核,以提高工程的安全度。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">所谓设计洪水标准是指水库工程本身的防洪安全标准,是水库在正常运用情况下允许达到的最大洪水流量标准,也是大坝稳定计算的主要依据。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">所谓校核防洪标准就是水库防御非常洪水的能力,它是水库在非常运用情况下,允许临时达到的最大洪水流量标准,是确定大坝顶高及进行大坝安全校核的主要依据。通过水文计算,得出校核洪水标准,并进行各项水工建筑物的安全校核设计及控制运用设计等,以保证大坝的安全稳定。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">简单地说,校核洪水标准比设计洪水标准高一级。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">工程院院士王浩称:&#8220;三峡大坝的安全标准按抵御&#8220;万年一遇再加</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">10%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">&#8221;的洪水而设计。&#8221;</span><strong></strong></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">请问:三峡大坝是按什么洪水标准校核的?按照校核洪水标准比设计洪水标准高一级的要求,那么三峡大坝必须是按十万年一遇的洪水校核的。宜昌站十万年一遇的洪水</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;"><br /> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">流量又是多少?</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">三、按千年一遇洪水设计、按万年一遇洪水校核的水库大坝</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">2020</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">年以九孔泄洪而著名的新安江大坝是按千年一遇洪水设计、按万年一遇洪水校核的(参见《百度百科》新安江水电站);</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">黄河三门峡大坝按千年一遇洪水(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">40000</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米每秒)设计、按万年一遇洪水(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">52000</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米每秒)校核的(参见《百度百科》三门峡水利枢纽);</span></p> <p><a name="_Hlk48572413"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">丹江口大坝按千年一遇洪水(</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">64000</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">立方米每秒)设计、按万年一遇洪水(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">82300</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">立方米每秒)校核的,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">1978</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">年改为按万年一遇洪水加</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">20%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">洪量作为保坝标准。(参见《百度百科》丹江口水利枢纽);</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">白鹤滩大坝按千年一遇洪水(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">38800</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">立方米每秒)设计、按万年一遇洪水(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">46100</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">立方米每秒)校核的(参见:孙双科等:高拱坝坝身泄洪规模探析&#8212;&#8212;以白鹤滩水电站为例)。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">还可以举出许多例子,说明中国许多大型水库大坝都是按照按千年一遇洪水设计、按万年一遇洪水校核的。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">但是迄今为止,中国还没有一座水库大坝是按&#8220;万年一遇&#8221;的洪水而设计,更没有一座水库大坝是按&#8220;万年一遇再加</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">10%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">&#8221;的洪水而设计。如果按&#8220;万年一遇&#8221;的洪水设计,则需要按&#8220;十万年一遇洪水&#8221;校核;如果按&#8220;万年一遇再加</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">10%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">&#8221;的洪水设计,则需要按&#8220;十万年一遇洪水再加</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">10%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">&#8221;校核。中国水文资料中没有万年一遇的洪水流量这一项。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">《维基百科》中关于《长江三峡水利枢纽工程》的介绍:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">经过长江水文工作者</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">50</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">余年的实地勘察、史料研读、历史水文调查,定义了三峡工程坝址的代表性水文站宜昌站不同频率的洪水流量:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;"><br /> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">&#8220;十年一遇&#8221;洪水流量为</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: KaiTi;">56700</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米/秒,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;"><br /> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">二十年一遇洪水流量为</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: KaiTi;">72300</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米/秒,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;"><br /> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">百年一遇洪水流量为</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">83700</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米/秒,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;"><br /> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">千年一遇洪水流量为</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">98800</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米/秒,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;"><br /> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">万年一遇洪水流量为</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">113000</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米/秒,可能最大洪水的洪水流量为</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">120000</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">~</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">127000</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米/秒。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">可能最大洪水的洪水流量为</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">120000</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">~</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">127000</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米/秒就是万年一遇再加</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">10%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">&#8221;的洪水流量。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">四、工程院院士郑守仁:三峡大坝按千年一遇洪水设计</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">不久前去世的、被誉为三峡大坝之父的工程院院士郑守仁撰写的《三峡工程</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">175</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">米试验性蓄水运行期的科学调度优化运行试验》一文中指出:三峡工程大坝按千年一遇洪水流量</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">98800</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米每秒设计,设计洪水位</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">175.0</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">米,相应库容</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">393</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">亿</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">m3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">;按万年一遇洪水流量(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">113000</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米每秒)加大</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">10%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">的流量</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">124300</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米每秒校核,相应校核洪水位</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">180.4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">米,水库总库容</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">450.4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">亿立方米。(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">2019</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">18</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">日,来源:长江技术经济杂志,</span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">http://www.cjw.gov.cn/hdpt/zjjd/jdsy/zdgc/38245.html</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">)</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">中国国务院三峡工程建设委员会办公室在《工程》杂志(英文)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">2015</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">年第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">卷第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">期上这么介绍三峡工程:&#8220;三峡大坝按千年一遇洪水设计、万年一遇洪水加</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">10%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">校核,相应洪水流量分别为</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">98800</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米每秒和</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">124300</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米每秒。大坝泄洪具有水头高、泄洪量大、排沙量多等特点,同时还考虑到水库排漂、施工导流等因素,经多方案论证和模型试验,泄洪坝段采用泄洪深孔、泄洪表孔、导流底孔三层大孔口布置,解决了大泄洪流量的技术难题并节省了工程投资。&#8221;</span> <span style="font-family:DengXian;">(</span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">https://www.engineering.org.cn/ch/10.15302/J-ENG-2015022</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">)</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">五、酒肉穿肠过,佛祖心中留</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">电影少林寺中的一句台词&#8220;酒肉穿肠过,佛祖心中留&#8221;,出自《济公李修缘》中的济公活佛。&#8220;酒肉穿肠过,佛祖心中留&#8221;这句话有助于读者理解&#8220;三峡工程大坝按千年一遇洪水流量设计,按万年一遇洪水流量加大</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">10%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">校核。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">2010</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">年有网民把之前新华社和央视的几篇关于三峡工程防洪能力的报道放在一起,引起网民的热烈讨论。维基百科把这一事件称为&#8220;三峡大坝防洪能力误读事件&#8221;:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">2003</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">日,新华社记者施勇峰:《三峡大坝固若金汤,可以抵挡万年一遇洪水》</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">2007</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">8</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">日,《三峡大坝 今年起可防千年一遇洪水》,来源新华社</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">2008</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">21</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">日,《三峡大坝可抵御百年一遇特大洪水》,来源新华网</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">2010</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">日,《长江水利委:不能把希望都寄托在三峡大坝上》,来源央视</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">笔者以为这不是&#8220;三峡大坝防洪能力误读事件&#8221;,而且&#8220;三峡大坝防洪能力误导事件&#8221;。笔者认为赵云发对英文《中国日报》的解释最为中肯。赵云发,三峡水利枢纽梯级调度通信中心副总工程师,他认为三峡工程的&#8220;防洪能力是有限的&#8221;。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">赵云发中国日报记者透露,按照设计,这座花费上千亿元的大坝主要承担的,是为湖北荆江河段和湖南城陵矶地区提供对流量在每秒</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">83700</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">立方米以下(即百年一遇)的洪水的防御任务。三峡工程只有</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">221</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">亿立方米的防洪库容。它不是可以无限防洪的。另外,按设计,它的保护范围也是有限的&#8230;&#8230;如果水量超过</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">122000</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">秒立方(笔者注:万年一遇洪水流量加大</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">10%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">),那该讨论的就不是它发挥不发挥作用的事情,而是大坝自身安全的问题了。(资深工程师:三峡防洪能力&#8220;有限&#8221;,英文《中国日报》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">2010</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">23</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">日,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/zgrbjx/2010-07/23/content_11038101.htm</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">)</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">遇到万年一遇洪水加</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">10%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">的洪水流量,那该讨论的就不是它发挥不发挥作用的事情,而是大坝自身安全的问题了。在书面的校核计算中,三峡大坝的泄洪能力以及海拔</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">185</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">米的坝顶高,可以保证大坝不溃,但不能保证辅助建筑受损。酒肉穿肠过,佛祖心中留。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">被调离的三峡集团老总曹广晶曾留下这么一句话:极端天气和大的自然趋势不是三峡大坝可以控制的。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">原气象局局长(现应急部副部长)郑国光认为,气候变化对中国影响巨大,严重威胁三峡工程、青藏铁路、南水北调、西气东输、三北防护林等重大战略性工程的安全生产和运营。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">工程院院士王浩称:三峡大坝的安全标准按抵御&#8220;万年一遇再加</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">10%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:KaiTi;">&#8221;的洪水而设计。但没有指出是按什么标准校核的。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:KaiTi;">请读者千万不要误读。</span></p>&nbsp;</div>