<div></div><div><p align="center" style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:9.0pt;margin-left:0in;"> </p><div><strong style="text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">一、<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></strong><strong style="text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">前言</span></strong></div><p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom: 9.0pt;margin-left:28.35pt;text-indent:-28.35pt;"><strong></strong></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">自</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2020</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年初全球新冠肺炎(</span><span style=" font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">COVID-19</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)疫情嚴重爆發開始,人類社會的運作及發展受到相當深遠的影響,儘管它可能不是人類史上造成最嚴重死亡人數的傳染病,但卻很有可能成為一個契機,進而徹底改變人類的生活習慣,例如社交方式、飲食習慣、休閒娛樂與產業型態等等。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">疫情仍未徹底平息,當前世界各地仍須直面病毒帶來的威脅,但與此同時,如何調適並學習經驗,找出更適合人類發展的道路,所謂「後疫情時代的人類發展」無疑已成為當前各界關注的焦點。</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">筆者過去長期投入對民主理論與民主化的研究、關注自由與人權的維護情況,不僅聚焦於兩岸華人社會的政治發展議題,更前瞻人類未來的發展。這些在後疫情時代將有如何表現?乃是本文所想要討論的範疇。本文將綜整筆者對相關訊息的了解,再結合過去的研究成果來提出自己的設想,擬先依據著名智庫「自由之家」(</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">Freedom House</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)對疫情的專題研究為框架來描繪當前全球的民主發展情勢,再探討疫情源頭中國的威權體系的表現,接著敘述筆者對人類發展途徑的心得,後結合達賴喇嘛關於「人類一體」的開示並提出結論。</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom: 9.0pt;margin-left:28.35pt;text-indent:-28.35pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">二、<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 14pt;">中共病毒武漢肺炎肆虐之下的民主概況</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">在疫情影響之下的全球民主發展概況變化,大體可參考自由之家所發布的專題報告。該報告以「封鎖下的民主」為題,明確指出此次疫情加劇了近十四年來的全球自由表現下降的趨勢,尤其是在那些本身就屬於民主表現仍待加強以及對自由高度壓制的國家。換言之,在疫情的影響下,反而進一步限縮了那些防止政府權力濫用的相關機制。顯而易見的後果就是,以防堵疫情的擴散與危害為由,有些國家的官員和安全部門實施了針對一般平民的暴力行為,在逾越了原本法律所給予的權限之外對人民進行了包括限制住居,乃至拘捕等措施,嚴重侵害了人民所應擁有的自由。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[2]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">根據自由之家的調查結果,至少有</span><span style=" font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">59</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">個國家確實出現上述情形的證據,而大多數的暴力行為發生在自由度較低的區域(「部分自由」與「不自由」國家),可見疫情對權力濫用情況的強化。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[3]</span></span></span></a></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">除了權力的濫用,疫情同時也造成了原本就處於社會少數/弱勢的群體或社群更加邊緣化的問題。例如有些人就發現,由於疫情的爆發,部分少數族群或宗教團體被藉此施加了更多的限制,使其相對於其他群體來說必須承擔更大的風險,例如在報告中就指出:「在英國,媒體揭露黑人和亞裔的拘留率相對而言比白人群體更高」。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[4]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">不過也有亮點的存在,像是有些國家在疫情期間授予尚未取得公民身分的移民臨時公民權,使其能夠享有政府所提供的某些公共服務。此種臨時性的包容措施被認為有利於在疫情過後實現更大的社會平等,亦有助於在往後面對類似的公共危機。</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">另一個觀察面向則是有關於政府運作及相關資訊的透明度,報告中提到許多專家學者都認為,許多國家領導人(無論民主與否)都未能在這個議題上對人民坦承,可能隱瞞了一些關鍵訊息,因此政府的透明度與病毒發展的相關資訊揭露應該是最重要的一環。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[5]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">要改善這種情況需要更多對政府的監督與施加對透明度要求的壓力,故有關於媒體與出版亦是一項重點觀察層面。遺憾的是,多數國家都因為疫情的關係在相關資訊的報導上面進行限制與審查,更嚴重的是在言論自由與批評政府作為方面的管控,有受訪者表示,在談論醫療工作問題時可能遭受警告,「被迫道歉並撤回」。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[6]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">對於關心全球民主發展現況的人來說,這確實值得我們警惕,因為媒體與言論自由乃是民主核心價值的一部份,且唯有保障這些自由才是評估政府做法的最有效工具。</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">至於作為反映民主精神表徵的選舉活動,在</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">2020</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">1-8</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月間有九個國家的大選與地方選舉受到影響,儘管面對疫情做出調整無可厚非,但許多遭受批評被認為政府無法在兼顧健康安全的考量下及時安排新的選舉,或者說過於倉促而導致程序不夠完備、未能符合民主標準。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[7]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">但事實上,只要有適當的規劃和資源應當就能順利推行選舉活動,報告中以韓國和紐西蘭作為正面表列,並指出疫情不能被視為民主無限期推遲的藉口;的確,也許將來人類還會面臨其他的公共危機,但民主仍應持續運作,才能夠建立起更具有自我調適能力的機制,同時維持對人民自由權利的保障。</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">最後,儘管疫情確實對全球人民帶來自由度的壓制與倒退,但許多人正想方設法克服這個困境,例如藉由網路平臺的串連與資訊共享來建立夥伴關係,以進一步反抗政府的脅迫。報告認為,我們必須確保政府無法達成藉由面對疫情的威脅而必須建立更新、更強大統治機構的要求,以避免疫情對全球自由產生「永久性」的損害。報告為此提出了幾點建議,包括:確保緊急措施皆是可課責、合適且有時間限制的;提供線上工作的技術支持與培訓;確保自由與獨立的媒體發展,且人們可以獲取以事實為基礎的資訊;支持重視公共衛生的自由公正選舉;提供緊急資金以維繫民主和人權組織的日常運作;辨認侵犯人權的行為,並在發生時予以譴責以及追究肇事者的責任;在因應疫情流行的工作中對抗貪腐。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[8]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">這些建議,筆者大都給予相當的肯定。惟如何維護本國人民的既有權益優先,又能兼顧所謂人權無國界的理想,這應該是當代世界各國共同面對的難題。因此,筆者認為,某些自由之家測量自由的指標,牽涉價值判斷與道德判斷的兩難問題,仍有待商榷。</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom: 9.0pt;margin-left:28.35pt;text-indent:-28.35pt;"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">三、<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">看不見的病毒會不會壓垮巨大的恐龍</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">自由之家的報告已經明確點出在疫情之下政府對人民自由的壓制,其中又以本身就處於不自由狀態的威權國家為甚,目前被認為是病毒源頭的中國更是如此。筆者曾對這個情況做過觀察,這主要是基於其</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">極權專制的本質──在資訊能夠流通傳遞的狀態下,要避免人民對此有過多的理解進而反對共產黨,動搖其統治的合法性就是極權政體的首要任務,因而強化了在疫情當中對人民的管控措施。中國政府有意控制、甚至刻意壓制疫情真實狀況的代價,就是為了鞏固其政權,卻使得全球其他國家的人民承擔不必要的風險與後果。</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">根據最新一份有關於網路自由度的調查報告顯示,中國在這方面的努力是「無與倫比」的,結合高科技手段使其成為在網路自由方面最嚴重的濫權者,由於中國長期封鎖來自國外的網路服務技術,以便對進入中國的數據進行全面監控和過濾,導致其已經連續六年在網路自由度方面的表現墊底。而在因應疫情的背景下,阻止個人自由、獨立分享相關資訊,以避免對官方說法的挑戰,進而「管理」新冠肺炎的爆發情形,這造成了過去被認為是共產黨追求的所謂數位威權主義(</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">digital authoritarianism</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)產生常態化的趨勢。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[9]</span></span></span></a> </p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">然而,儘管中國政府為了在面對疫情衝擊時能夠維繫統治的穩定採取不少管控策略,這看不見的病毒仍然很有可能會壓垮巨大的恐龍。一方面,</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">疫情一開始的隱瞞除了涉及中共極權專制本質外,還牽涉其內部的權力鬥爭。有人分析,很大程度上是由於地方官員的怠政、懶惰、消極抗旨,甚至故意搗亂,坐等習近平出事的心態造成的。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[10]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">這是由於權力集中相對應的是責任的集中,倘若處理不當,或許就意味著有望動搖以習近平為核心的權力運作體系?因為很可能中共內部也未必全部都願意接受他的領導。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[11]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">此次在疫情的推波助瀾下,就讓中國內部出現民變、兵變及政變的可能性增加。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[12]</span></span></span></a></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">另方面,</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">這次的疫情發展,使美國從原先戰略競爭對手,轉而將中共視為挑戰世界自由民主秩序的對手;雖然雙方陣營之間本就有摩擦,但這次事件增強了這個效果,甚至擴散到其他原先採取中立策略的國家,主要歸因於疫情對世界各國造成的重大損失。經濟學人智庫(</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">Economist Intelligence Unit</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)多次提出評估,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2020</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年的全球經濟活動無論供給或需求皆有較高程度的萎縮,甚至與全球金融危機相比來說更加嚴重的衰退。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[13]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">國際貨幣基金組織(</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">IMF</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)也早就提出預警,新冠肺炎疫情將引發</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">1930</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年代經濟大蕭條以來最嚴重的衰退現象。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[14]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">而聯結到在疫情初期中國的輿論控制,讓世界各國減少了一到兩個月的黃金應對時間,這使得除了疫情本身造成的必然損失(人員、物資、金融),世界更看見了中國政府的統治模式讓疫情產生更多的不必要危害,從而有可能加入或加大對抗極權專制。</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">在這樣的</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">「內憂外患」的情況之下,中共政權的合法性已經因為此次疫情受到了極大的衝擊。但由於目前事件仍在發展中,加上中共的維穩力度不斷持續強化,以及過去中國對公民社會的壓制,要經由中國人民自發性地迫使中共政權退讓的時機可能還不夠成熟。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[15]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">但在世界各國都遭受重大損失的情況下,若中國持續推卸責任,未來難免受到更大的究責,讓西方社會更加認識中國給全球自由秩序帶來的威脅,進而強化民主自由陣營對極權專制陣營的圍堵,或許中共政權真的會迫於壓力而進行改革,甚至於因而垮臺。</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom: 9.0pt;margin-left:28.35pt;text-indent:-28.35pt;"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">四、<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">從自由主義到生態主義</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">疫情對全球人類社會的衝擊,除了最直接的生命與財產損失,也讓我們正視在極權專制的政治制度下可能產生的惡果。但除此之外,吾人也應該藉機思考,人類的發展模式是否有需要做出調整?</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">過去筆者研究當代民主理論,自然視自由主義為人類發展的核心價值觀之一,但在對自由的討論中強調對個人自由的絕對維護(尤其是單純的涉己層面),可畢竟是以人類為中心的發展邏輯,並未充分考量到對外部環境的影響。近來人類已經充分意識到這個問題,並大力提倡永續發展(</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">sustainable development</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)的概念,不過,這仍是在以人類為核心的框架內,對人類生存基礎的自然環境雖有一定的重視,但是否應該給予更多關注呢?此次新冠肺炎疫情就是一個值得反思的例子,若排除刻意的人為因素,病毒轉變為在人類間具有高度傳染性,很可能就是人類對野生動物的濫捕所造成的。</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">更何況在全球持續面對生態危機(全球暖化、能源耗竭與人口爆炸威脅)的大環境底下,許多問題一直層出不窮,因此筆者認為,是時候思考「人的自由以不侵害自然生態平衡為限」的生態主義邏輯,將之作為人類發展途徑的修正依據。生態主義作為一種獨立的意識型態,主張:「自然為一整體,蘊含人類及非人類的生物,甚至是非生物的世界。」換言之,追求的正是人類本身的非中心化,不過於此同時也將焦點散佈於對人類社會關係的關切、人類社會的合理安排及良善生活(</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">good life</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)的理念等。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[16]</span></span></span></a></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">參照過去人類發展以經濟發展為核心,目前強調經濟、環境與社會三者平衡關係的永續發展,納入生態主義的價值觀就會是強調環境為最廣泛、最基本的面向,其次是關係到生活品質的社會面向,最後才是經濟發展。可參見下圖:</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;"> <span style="font-family: DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> <img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2020/Nov/1182020LYT.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="" /> </span> </p> <p align="center" style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:9.0pt;margin-left:0in;"><strong><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">圖一 以生態主義為導向的永續發展</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">如果將時間退回新冠病毒大流行之前,人們以生態主義作為發展的核心價值觀,其中一項重要理念就是尊重野生動植物的生存權,而不是要將牠們都變成家禽、家畜<a name="_Hlk54109951">、</a>寵物、農作物或食物,那麼會否這次疫情就不會出現?曾有專家推測,為什麼野生動物的病毒會進到人類社會?可能是有人想吃這些野生動物,因此接觸,而讓病毒進到身體裡。故為了避免這種從別的物種傳染到人類,我們還是要尊重大自然的秩序,盡量不要去攪動野生動物的生活環境,讓自然界保持和諧的狀況,這是預防未來有新的病毒在我們人類產生的一個相當重要、要去思考的地方。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[17]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">已經發生的事情當然無法改變,但吾人可以從經驗中學習,避免將來再次發生同樣的公共危機,讓人類發展再次陷入嚴重的困頓。</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom: 9.0pt;margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">五、<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">達賴喇嘛的開示:人類一體</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">早在</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2016</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年達賴喇嘛在談論人類的未來時,就表示當前世界上的問題和不安,是信心造成的,但這是由於人類的基本價值沒有得到充分發揮所致。因此,如果我們未來致力於創造一個更加和平的世界,勢必需要將善良和世俗倫理導入我們的教育體制之中。達賴喇嘛指出,氣候變化和全球經濟的跌宕起伏,為全人類帶來重大影響。氣候變化和全球經濟問題並不受限於國界。僅是聚焦在諸如種族、宗教、國籍和性別,這些我們之間的次級差異,只會讓我們陷進「我們」和「他們」的分別,而這樣的分別心很容易成為衝突的基礎。達賴喇嘛並強調,如果我們認知人類的一體性,並把對方視為自己的兄弟姐妹,那麼便可以克服潛藏的暴力。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[18]</span></span></span></a></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">而在疫情仍然肆虐的當下,達賴喇嘛更開示:</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:.25in;margin-bottom: 9.0pt;margin-left:.25in;text-indent:24.0pt"><em><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">這世界上所有的生物為了生存都會有為他人著想的態度,人和鳥類一樣都是群居動物,能夠生存下去,是依賴其所在社區的成員才有辦法做到的。今天,世界上的每一個人都想要幸福的生活、快樂的生活,而且我們也有權利去擁有幸福快樂的生活,然而我們有過多的人為災難讓讓我們做不到、得不到幸福的生活、快樂的生活。這些人為災難不是來自別的而是來自於人類,今天我們遭遇諸多的問題</span></em><em> </em><em><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">實際上是我們人類自己創造出來的產物。這就是今天現實的層面,也就是人類確實製造很多問題。唯一的解藥、解除方式就是回到最原始的層次,也就是我們是相同的人,我們都是群居動物。我們從出生起,為了我們能夠繼續維持我們的生命,我們必須要有慈悲心,相互尊重的品質。因此,慈悲與愛心是我們生存的關鍵,所有的主流宗教知道人類最高的品質就是慈悲與愛心,這也就是為什麼所有主流宗教都強調慈悲與愛的重要性。這是顯而易見能夠清楚了解的事實,為了能夠知道慈悲與愛心的價值觀,主流宗教提出了不同的觀點、不同的哲學立場,但所有的宗教都傳遞了非暴力與慈悲的信息。</span></em><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[19]</span></span></span></a><em></em></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:.25in"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">而在接受一位利比亞小姑娘提問:現在很多流亡難民正受到新冠病毒的重創,這些人在戰爭和健康的危機中身心受到了巨大的影響,根據您自身難民的經驗,您建議這些難民如何在精神上幫助自己?達賴喇嘛是這樣回答的:</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:.25in;margin-bottom: 9.0pt;margin-left:.25in;text-indent:24.0pt"><em><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">根據我的經驗,七十億人一體性的概念對我有很大的幫助,我離開了我的家鄉來到印度之後,我來到了人類另外一個社區,當然藏印之間有另外的關聯,因為人類一體性的概念,無論我去歐洲,哪裡有不同的膚色,鼻子大小也有所不同,但在情緒的層面上我們都是相同的。心靈的層次雖受到文化不同的影響,但基本上整體都是一樣的。人類一體性的概念是很重要的,無論你去哪裡,一定都要堅持這樣的理念,到了哪裡都是屬於人類的地方。如果我們藏人,將焦點擺在我們藏人,我們是與眾不同的民族,我們來到其他人的家鄉的時候,我們可能就不會那麼舒適,因為那時候我們沒有自己的家園,來到其他人的國家。佛教的術語說到有情,都如同母親般,所有的眾生所有的人類,都是如同母親般的有情眾生,這種思維對我而言非常重要,它會幫助人類一體性概念的建立。雖然我們之間有不同的差異,但這是表相上的差異而已,到了更深層的層面,我們都是一樣的。</span></em><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20"><em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;"><span><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[20]</span></strong></span></span></em></a><em></em></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:.25in"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">2011</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">3</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">11</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日筆者親自到達蘭薩拉獲得達賴喇嘛的開示並帶領念誦佛經,皈依三寶,但直到最近才了解皈依僧的意思。達賴喇嘛說到:</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:.25in;margin-bottom: 9.0pt;margin-left:.25in;text-indent:24.0pt"><em><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">僧寶像個社團,如一年級學生,不會以正面態度向</span></em><em><span style=" font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">10</span></em><em><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年級、</span></em><em><span style=" font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">12</span></em><em><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年級、</span></em><em><span style=" font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">15</span></em><em><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年級的學生競爭,而同班同學之間卻會有正向的競爭。競爭有兩種,破壞性或負面的競爭,為了讓自己成為第一,造成困難給他人,這是破壞性競爭,這是不好的。正向的競爭是跟他人一樣,你也想變成最頂尖的,即便是同班同學也能幫他們一起成為最好的,這種競爭感是正向的,應以這種方式皈依僧寶。</span></em><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[21]</span></span></span></a></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:.25in"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">事實上,達賴喇嘛不斷地強調教育的重要性,他對教育最大的批判就是當代教育過度強調物質價值,往往在進行對下一代的智能教育時,忽略了要同時陶冶內心──即致力於培養其慈悲的本性,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[22]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">而他也提過:「受過高等教育、坐擁龐大財富並非值得羨慕的事,只有當一個人擁有溫暖善良的心時,這些優點的存在才有價值。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[23]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">反之,當我們對物質給予過多關注卻忽略內在價值時,即便有傑出的科技也會造成毀滅性的傷害,這就是缺乏道德原則的結果,更是缺乏尊重他人的性命及權利所導致。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24"><em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;"><span><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[24]</span></strong></span></span></em></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">這些達賴喇嘛的說法,都點出了人類教育模式必須修正的重要性。</span><em></em></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom: 9.0pt;margin-left:28.35pt;text-indent:-28.35pt;"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">六、<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">結語</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">依據自由之家的評比內容顯示,全球自由度的整體表現從</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">2005</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年開始逐步倒退,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[25]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">這個情況恰巧反映了中國威權專制的崛起,兩者間息息相關。然而,今年突然爆發並改變人類生活的所謂新冠病毒(也有人稱呼為中共病毒、武漢肺炎),縱然其發生原因還不清楚,但隱瞞疫情、擴散疫情、甩鍋疫情的責任,極權專制的中共政治體制責無旁貸。至今為止,感染確診人數已經超過四千萬、死亡人數則超過一百萬,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[26]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">且北半球進入秋冬,疫情似乎不僅未減緩,還有擴張的情勢。隨著美國總統大選如火如荼地舉行,竟然連川普總統都感染了新冠病毒,加上之前英國首相強森染疫後死裡逃生,各國究責中共的聲音不斷出現。美國組建印太自由民主聯盟(美國、日本、印度、澳洲),其中圍堵並對抗中共的態勢愈來愈明朗。原來探討中共民主化原因中缺少的因素已經補上,那就是受到外來勢力新政策改變的影響,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[27]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">加上中共內部鬥爭趨向於激烈,原來鐵板一塊的中共極權專制政權,是否會發生改變,應是許多人普遍關心的議題。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[28]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">但吾人更關心中國若啟動民主化,是否可以和平穩定變遷走向自由主義式民主的道路!?</span></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">然而,新冠疫情的衝擊對人類社會的改變,更值得思考的就是現行資本主義模式是否可以永續?達賴喇嘛早就提過,現實狀況是資本主義中大量生產、大量消費的模式,確實耗損了大量自然資源,儘管目前人類已經為環境保護做出了許多努力,但問題的根源是如何看待人類與自然之間關係的發展邏輯,倘若一直不改變,那成果終究有限。資本主義在創造財富、改善人民物質條件上效果是無庸置疑的,但卻不足以成為任何社會的理想概念,因為它唯利是圖、缺乏任何道德方面的準則。解決之道在於採行一種經濟正義的方式,在尊重資本主義發展的同時也要顧及對弱勢的關懷,也就是說,在賺錢像資本主義者的同時,花錢就應該像社會主義者!</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[29]</span></span></span></a></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">不過,達賴喇嘛亦從這次疫情中體會到一件更積極、有意義的事情,那就是「在過去,人們過份強調了我的那塊大陸、我的國家、我的宗教。現在這種想法已經過時,現在我們真的需要</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">70</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">億人類有一種同一性。」如果能夠做到這點,無論是這次的疫情也好,或是更嚴重的全球暖化氣候問題,人類都「有可能聯合起來解決」。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30"><em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;"><span><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[30]</span></strong></span></span></em></a></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">這時候我們發現,不以人類為中心的生態主義價值觀特別留意到東方宗教的影響,像是印度教、道教與佛教,特別是禪宗,一再宣揚世界所有事物的一體性;在環保運動中,有許多人都被東方宗教所吸引,認為它既是含蘊生態智慧的哲學,也是鼓勵我們去愛人類、各種生命及大自然的一種生活方式。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[31]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">而著有《小即是美》(</span><span style=" font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">Small is Beautiful</span><span style="font-family: DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)一書的舒馬赫(</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">Fritz Ernst Friedrich Schumacher, 1911-1977</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)早就攻擊了傳統的經濟思維,認為它只是為了成長而追求成長,那這樣的價值觀就是與自然分離,是不可取的。他提倡所謂的佛教經濟學(</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">Buddhist economics</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">),此即意味「適當生活」原則,與傳統的「最大效用滿足」式的生活明顯不同。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[32]</span></span></span></a></p> <p style="margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0in;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">這些觀點我們都可以重新回到達賴喇嘛的智慧中找到答案,那就是二十一世紀人類最需要的美德──「節制」。正因為地球自然資源有限,如果每個人都希望享有舒適的現代生活方式,那地球環境在持續遭到侵蝕、破壞的情況下將無法繼續維持平衡;換言之,當前所謂「已開發國家」的現代生活所帶來的代價實在太大了,故所有人都必須節制自己的欲望。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[33]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">當我們看到疫情發生以後,伴隨著人類大量移動的足跡減少,反而給予動植物更多生活的空間、自然生態環境的復甦時,或許更說明了人類未來的發展,正是取決於地球上每個人「節制」美德的發揮。</span></p> <div><br clear="all" /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[1]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">目前已經有不少產學界的專家學者提出觀察分析,新冠肺炎疫情對人類發展已然或預期產生的影響效益。可參考報導〈後疫情時代的臺灣!十大學者分析改變了這些事〉,《</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Heho</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">健康》,</span><a href="https://heho.com.tw/archives/93094"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://heho.com.tw/archives/93094</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/12</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">;〈後疫情時代展望產業新趨勢〉,《</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">IEKView</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">產業情報網》,</span><a href="https://ieknet.iek.org.tw/iekrpt/rpt_open.aspx?actiontype=rpt&indu_idno=0&domain=0&rpt_idno=317381542"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://ieknet.iek.org.tw/iekrpt/rpt_open.aspx?actiontype=rpt&indu_idno=0&domain=0&rpt_idno=317381542</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/12</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,或特別專題報導〈「後疫情時代」的近未來:我們的生活可能發生哪些改變?〉,《</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The News Lens</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">關鍵評論》,</span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://www.thenewslens.com/feature/post-covid-19</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/12</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[2]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">對人身活動自由的限制是較明確的暴力行為,但尚有其他的權力濫用情況也相當嚴峻,例如政府擴大了對人民的監視,甚至成為當權者打擊反對派的工具。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[3]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">自由之家的報告認為,這種情形可能反映了當權者面對疫情處理不當而失去政權的擔憂,故強化對社會的監控以保有統治權。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[4]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Freedom House, <strong><em>Special Report 2020: Democracy under Lockdown</em></strong>, </span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/democracy-under-lockdown</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/19</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[5]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Freedom House, <strong><em>Special Report 2020: Democracy under Lockdown</em></strong>, </span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/democracy-under-lockdown</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/19</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[6]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Freedom House, <strong><em>Special Report 2020: Democracy under Lockdown</em></strong>, </span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/democracy-under-lockdown</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/19</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[7]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Freedom House, <strong><em>Special Report 2020: Democracy under Lockdown</em></strong>, </span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/democracy-under-lockdown</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/19</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[8]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Freedom House, <strong><em>Special Report 2020: Democracy under Lockdown</em></strong>, </span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/democracy-under-lockdown</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/19</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[9]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Freedom House, <strong><em>Report: Global Internet Freedom Declines in Shadow of Pandemic</em></strong>, </span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://freedomhouse.org/article/report-global-internet-freedom-declines-shadow-pandemic</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/19</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[10]</span></span></span></a> <a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">http://www.minzhuzhongguo.org/MainArtShow.aspx?AID=105205</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/19</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[11]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">更何況,倘若共產黨中央已對疫情形勢有了準確的判斷,又親自指揮已採取了有力有效的舉措,加上各項工作部署都是及時的,那麼為什麼會有疫情全國性、全球性的傳播呢?可見其體系運作是有很大的問題。請參見</span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://www.ipkmedia.com/%e4%bb%bb%e5%bf%97%e5%bc%ba%ef%bc%9a%e5%89%a5%e5%85%89%e4%ba%86%e8%a1%a3%e6%9c%8d%e5%9d%9a%e6%8c%81%e5%bd%93%e7%9a%87%e5%b8%9d%e7%9a%84%e5%b0%8f%e4%b8%91/</span></a><a name="_Hlk54073419"><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span></a><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/19</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[12]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">再加上先前中美貿易戰的影響,諸多不可控的因素加總之下很可能引起中共政權的垮臺。相關討論請參見</span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://www.epochtimes.com.tw/n306702/%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%9C%AA%E6%AD%87%E5%8A%A0%E7%A2%BC%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%96%E5%AE%A3–%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6-%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E6%AD%BB%E5%89%8D%E8%BF%B4%E5%85%89%E8%BF%94%E7%85%A7.html</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/19</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[13]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">例如在對第二季度預測中就提及由於新冠疫情的威脅,全球經濟將萎縮</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2.5%</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,</span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=q2globalforecast</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/19</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[14]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">〈肺炎疫情:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">IMF</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">預測全球經濟萎縮堪比大蕭條時期〉,《</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">BBC</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">中文網》,</span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/business-52294805</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/19</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[15]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">有人認為,武漢疫情對中國政局造成重大衝擊,大規模的人道災難更是激化了內外各種矛盾,習近平定於一尊的權威受到嚴重挑戰,中共的鐵板一塊也開始出現裂痕,中央與地方的明爭暗鬥越來越激烈,重現政令不出中南海的局面。中共黨內的各派勢力蠢蠢欲動,重新選邊站,一場血雨腥風的權鬥即將上演。請參見</span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://www.ipkmedia.com/%e9%ab%98%e6%96%87%e8%b0%a6%ef%bc%9a%e4%b9%a0%e8%bf%91%e5%b9%b3%e6%98%af%e6%ad%a6%e6%b1%89%e7%96%ab%e6%83%85%e8%82%86%e8%99%90%e7%9a%84%e7%a5%b8%e9%a6%96/</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/19</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[16]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Andrew Heywood</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">著,陳思賢譯(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2016</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">),《政治的意識形態》,臺北:五南出版,頁</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">268-296</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[17]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">〈為什麼嚴重的傳染病都是來自野生動物?〉,《埔基醫療財團法人埔里基督教醫院》,</span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://www.pch.org.tw/custom_85451.html</span></a><a name="_Hlk54112961"><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span></a><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/19</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[18]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> 2016</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">15</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日<span style="color:#333333">達賴喇嘛在日內瓦強調人類一體性</span></span></p> <p><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://www.tibet.org.tw/news_ndetail.php?id=7550&type=N</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/20</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn19"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[19]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">〈佛教與回教的共同價值:慈悲與憐憫,</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2020</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">9</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">28</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日</span> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">達賴喇嘛尊者與馬來西亞伊斯蘭大學奧斯曼·巴卡爾教授(</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Prof. Datuk Dr. Osman Bakar</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)對話〉,</span></p> <p><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jLr0un7XYc&feature=youtu.be</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/20</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn20"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[20]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">〈人類一體性的概念~達賴喇嘛尊者教授,</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2020</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">8</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">12</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日尊者與南希·林德堡的對談:衝突、新冠病毒,以及慈悲心〉,</span></p> <p><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttP0zY8MqYQ</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/20</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn21"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[21]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">〈什麼是皈依的核心?</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2014</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">5</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">31</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日下午</span> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">於南印度孟買蘇邁亞大學(</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Somaiya Vidyavihar</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)問答〉,</span></p> <p><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-d6Qi8pXl4&feature=youtu.be</span></a><a name="_Hlk54115744"><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span></a><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/20</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn22"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;Times New Roman";">[22]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;">達賴喇嘛、亞歷山大.諾曼合著,張琇雲譯,《超越:生命的幸福之道》,臺北:時報文化,頁</span>84<span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn23"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;Times New Roman";">[23]</span></span></a> <a href="about:blank">https://m.facebook.com/dalailamaworld/photos/%E5%8F%97%E9%81%8E%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%9D%90%E6%93%81%E9%BE%90%E5%A4%A7%E8%B2%A1%E5%AF%8C%E4%B8%A6%E9%9D%9E%E5%80%BC%E5%BE%97%E7%BE%A8%E6%85%95%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%AA%E6%9C%89%E7%95%B6%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%93%81%E6%9C%89%E6%BA%AB%E6%9A%96%E5%96%84%E8%89%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%83%E6%99%82%E9%80%99%E4%BA%9B%E5%84%AA%E9%BB%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E6%89%8D%E6%9C%89%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC/1743655905653558/</a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/21</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn24"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[24]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">〈前人疏忽的後遺症〉,</span></p> <p><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://m.facebook.com/dalailamaworld/videos/%E5%89%8D%E4%BA%BA%E7%96%8F%E5%BF%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%8C%E9%81%BA%E7%97%87/351964815721560/</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/21</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn25"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;Times New Roman";">[25]</span></span></a> F<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">reedom House, <strong><em>Freedom in the World 2020: A Leaderless Struggle for Democracy</em></strong>, </span><a href="about:blank">https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2020/leaderless-struggle-democracy</a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/21</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn26"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;Times New Roman";">[26]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;">參見世界衛生組織疫情相關資訊通報(</span>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Weekly Epidemiological Update and Weekly Operational Update<span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;">),</span><a href="about:blank">https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/?gclid=CjwKCAjwlbr8BRA0EiwAnt4MThmI5p3kMpL96bNIx_SRU_OdC7xbYOnodKjqKMslJcPLwNLZCplS5xoCSBkQAvD_BwE</a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/21</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn27"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;Times New Roman";">[27]</span></span></a> Samuel P. Huntington<span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;">著,劉軍寧譯,《第三波:二十世紀末的民主化浪潮》,臺北:五南出版,頁</span>109-123<span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn28"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;Times New Roman";">[28]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;">明居正教授一直關注中共內部鬥爭的議題,可參見</span>2020<span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;">年</span>10<span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;">月</span>20<span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;">日《年代向錢看》節目片段,</span><a href="about:blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27_dqBiud00&feature=youtu.be</a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/21</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn29"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;Times New Roman";">[29]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;">達賴喇嘛、亞歷山大.諾曼合著,張琇雲譯,《超越:生命的幸福之道》,臺北:時報文化,頁</span>125-128<span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn30"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30"><span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">[30]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">〈達賴喇嘛:全球</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">70</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">億人「需要一個共同的認知」〉,《</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">BBC</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">中文網》</span><a href="about:blank"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-53065316</span></a><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,查考日期:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2020/10/21</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn31"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;Times New Roman";">[31]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Andrew Heywood</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">著,陳思賢譯(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2016</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">),《政治的意識形態》,臺北:五南出版,頁</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">275-276</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn32"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;Times New Roman";">[32]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Andrew Heywood</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">著,陳思賢譯(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif">2016</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">),《政治的意識形態》,臺北:五南出版,頁</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">279</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">、</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">289</span><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn33"> <p><a href="file:///C:/Users/pijih/Downloads/%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A220201108%20(1).docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33"><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;Times New Roman";">[33]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;">達賴喇嘛、亞歷山大.諾曼合著,張琇雲譯,《超越:生命的幸福之道》,臺北:時報文化,頁</span>191-192<span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif;">。</span></p> </div> </div> </div>